Effects of vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties on skin cancer prevention: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Aims: To investigate the effect of vitamin treatment or supplements with purported antioxidant properties on the primary and secondary prevention of skin cancer using a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Methods: We searched PubMed, Embase and the Cochrane Library in June 2009. Among 398 articles searched, 11 articles on 10 RCTs were included in the final analysis.

[The proportional mortality ratios of specific-cause mortality by occupation and education among men aged 20-64 in Korea (1993-2004)].

Objectives: This study investigated the relationship of occupational class and educational background with proportional mortality ratios in Korea.

Methods: Mortality was investigated using the entire registered death data from 1993 to 2004, obtained from the Korean National Statistics Office. Proportional mortality ratios (PMRs) for specific diseases were calculated according to the occupational class and educational background of men aged 20-64.

Roles of adenosine receptor subtypes in the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal adenosine in a rat formalin test.

The contributions of adenosine receptor subtypes to antinociception produced by adenosine were determined at the spinal level. There are 4 types of adenosine receptors, namely A1, A(2A), A(2B) and A3. The authors investigated the properties of the subtypes of spinal adenosine receptors in terms of nociceptive modulation.

Lack of reciprocity between opioid and 5-HT3 receptors for antinociception in rat spinal cord.

We examined the properties of the drug interaction between morphine and 5-HT(3) receptor antagonist at the spinal level. The nociceptive state was induced by subcutaneously injecting formalin solution (5%, 50 microl) into the hindpaw of the rats. Intrathecal morphine and m-CPBG (5-HT(3) receptor agonist) dose-dependently decreased the flinching response during phase 1 and phase 2 in the formalin test.

Antinociceptive effects and synergistic interaction with morphine of intrathecal metabotropic glutamate receptor 2/3 antagonist in the formalin test of rats.

Spinal metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) have been known to be involved in the modulation of nociception. While the antinociceptive effects of the mGluR1/5 have been demonstrated, the role of mGluR2/3 for nociception is less clear. This study investigated the effects of an intrathecal mGluR2/3 agonist, APDC, and a mGluR2/3 antagonist, LY341495, for inflammatory and acute pain in the formalin test and thermal stimulation test.

Evaluation of interaction between intrathecal adenosine and MK801 or NBQX in a rat formalin pain model.

Adenosine and excitatory amino acids have been known to be involved in modulating nociceptive transmission at the spinal level. The authors assessed the characteristics of the interaction of the adenosine-excitatory amino acid antagonist combinations in the spinal cord of rats on the formalin-induced nociception. Intrathecal NMDA antagonist ((5R, 10S)-(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-(5)H-dibenzo[a[,]d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine hydrogen maleate, MK801, 30 microg) and AMPA antagonist (2,3-dioxo-6-nitro-1,2,3,4-tetrahydrobenzo[F]quinoxaline-7-sulfonamide, NBQX, 3 microg) decreased the total number of flinches during both phases in the formalin test.

Lack of the nitric oxide-cyclic GMP-potassium channel pathway for the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal zaprinast in a rat formalin test.

Zaprinast is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that is active in various models of pain when administered locally. In addition, the antinociception of zaprinast is involved in the nitric oxide (NO)-cGMP pathway. However, the effect of zaprinast administered spinally has not been examined.