Classifications of Prominent Mandibular Angle and Surgical Considerations for Mandibuloplasty.

Contouring surgery is an operation that makes a smooth, oval-shaped face by removing protruding parts of the face. In particular, mandibuloplasty is a procedure that softens the shape of the mandible and is a popular procedure among Asians with a dominant mesocephalic profile. In this study, we tried to discuss the considerations before surgery by dividing the mandibular shape into morphologic aspects in the lateral and frontal views and anatomic considerations.

The Accuracy and Stability of Intentional Change of Frontal-Ramal Inclination in Orthognathic Surgery for Facial Asymmetry Patients.

Facial asymmetry can be defined as differences in the left and right sides of the face, and most of the patients with facial asymmetry have different left and right frontal-ramal inclinations (FRIs). Restoring the symmetry of both FRIs is important in the surgery of facial asymmetry patients, but it is very difficult to achieve perfect symmetry through conventional orthognathic surgery. However, by using 3-dimensional (3D) virtual planning and CAD/CAM technolo gies, intentional change of FRIs can be possible so the symmetry can be improved.

The Efficacy of 3D Virtual Surgery, CAD/CAM, and 3D Printing Technology for Maxillomandibular Advancement in Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients.

Objective: Maxillomandibular advancement (MMA) is the most effective surgical method for treating obstructive sleep apnea, and it moves the maxillomandibular complex forward to increase the entire upper airway volume. By using 3-dimensional (D) virtual surgery, computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing, and 3D printing technologies, it is possible to overcome all the limitations of conventional methods.

Materials And Methods: In this study, (modified) MMA was performed by applying 3D technologies to obstructive sleep apnea patients.

Causes of Reoperation Consultation and Clinical Review of Actual Reoperation After Previous Orthognathic Surgery.

Objective: To investigate the causes of reoperation consultation, and the actual percentage and procedures of reoperation after previous orthognathic surgery.

Methods: The samples consisted of 30 patients who visited our clinic for reoperation consultation from October 2015 to September 2021 (6 males and 24 females; mean age at reoperation consultation, 28.4 y).

Treatment Strategy for Condyle/Ramus Deficiency Using 3D Virtual Surgery and CAD/CAM Technologies; Total Joint Replacement or Inverted-L Osteotomy.

Objective: To introduce a guideline for selecting proper surgical modalities for correction of skeletal Class II malocclusion with moderate-to-severe vertical height deficiency (VHD) of the condyle/ramus complex (CRC) using bimaxillary surgery in conjunction with total joint replacement (TJR) or inverted-L osteotomy (ILO) assisted by 3D virtual surgical planning and CAD/CAM technologies.

Cases: Four cases of severe skeletal Class II patients with moderate-to-severe VHD of CRC were presented. They underwent bimaxillary surgery using Le Fort I osteotomy in the maxilla and TJR or ILO in the mandible, with the help of virtual surgical planning (VSP) and computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM)-printed surgical guides and osteosynthesis plates.

Surgical correction of cleft lip lower-lip deformity: a report of three cases.

Cleft lip lower-lip deformity is a secondary deformity in patients who underwent primary cheiloplasty of the upper lip, characterized by an enlarged and anteriorly rotated lower lip. In these cases, soft-tissue imbalances remain even after skeletal correction with orthognathic surgery, and additional soft tissue treatment is required for lip harmony and esthetic facial balance in CLP (cleft lip palate) patients. This study describes three cases of transverse myomucosal excision of the lower lip for correction of cleft lip lower-lip deformity to restore facial esthetic balance.

Maxillary Total Elongation Surgery using 3D Virtual Surgery, CAD/CAM and 3D Printing Technology: Surgical Convenience and Accuracy.

After Le Fort I osteotomy was first performed by von Langernbeck in 1859, there has been many improvements since. Research on and development of Le Fort I osteotomy procedure has shown downward movement of the maxilla to exhibit lowest stability and accuracy. However, maxillary downgraft movement is necessary in orthognathic patients with insufficient vertical length of the maxilla, but fixation of the maxilla after elongation is often very inaccurate.

Surgical Accuracy of 3D Virtual Surgery and CAD/CAM-Assisted Orthognathic Surgery for Skeletal Class III Patients.

Orthognathic surgery is an effective surgical method to achieve functionality and facial esthetics for mandibular prognathism. If surgery is performed with a conventional method, errors may occur in the surgical preparation process and the surgical procedures, and there is a limitation in that the accuracy of surgery is determined according to the surgeon's experience and tactual sense. However, with the recent development of three-dimensional (3D) virtual planning and CAD/CAM technology, more 3D and predictable surgical planning and more accurate and time-saving surgery have become possible.

Correction of Midface Deficiency in Patient With Crouzon Syndrome by Orthognathic Surgery and Patient Specific Facial Implant: Case Report.

Crouzon syndrome, also known as craniofacial dysostosis, is an autosomal dominant inherited disease characterized by early cranial fusion and consequential craniofacial malformations. In patients with Crouzon syndrome, the growth of the midface is affected due to early fusion of the cranial base, which results in exophthalmos, ocular ptosis, midface deficiency, and maxillary retrognathism. Frontofacial advancement using Le Fort III osteotomy is the conventional method for treating patients with Crouzon syndrome.

Restoration of Facial Bone Defect using Patient-Specific Implant.

Facial bone defects can be caused by various causes, such as congenital deformities, iatrogenic results, and trauma. If the size of the bone defect is small, it can be repaired using premanufactured products, but it is not accurate and impossible to restore large bony defect. In the effort to overcome these limitations of premanufac-tured implants, the authors use patient-specific implant (PSI) via computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing and 3D printing technologies for facial bone restoration surgery.

Reduction Malarplasty Using Customized Surgical Stent Based on 3D Virtual Surgery, CAD/CAM, and 3D Printing Technology: Case Series.

The zygomatic bone is a structure that protrudes symmetrically on both sides of the midface and plays an important role in the overall aesthetic appearance of the face. Unlike Caucasians, the mesocephalic facial shape is predominant in Asians, and therefore, many people have a relatively laterally developed zygomatic bone. In Asians, when the zygomatic bone is excessively developed, it gives a strong and stubborn image, and aesthetically, many people want to reduce the zygomatic bone because they prefer an oval and slim face.

MSM promotes human periodontal ligament stem cells differentiation to osteoblast and bone regeneration.

Periodontal disease is the most common chronic disease of the oral and maxillofacial region, causing alveolar bone loss and ultimate loss of tooth. The purpose of treatment of periodontal disease is to promote the regeneration of periodontal tissue, including alveolar bone, and implantation of fixtures to replace the missing tooth as a result of advanced periodontal disease also requires alveolar bone regeneration. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a sulfur compound with well-known anti-inflammatory effects but its effects on bone regeneration are unknown.

Treatment of severe pain in a patient with complex regional pain syndrome undergoing dental treatment under general anesthesia: A case report.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is rare, characterized by pain from diverse causes, and presents as extreme pain even with minor irritation. General anesthesia may be required for dental treatment because the pain may not be controlled with local anesthesia. However, treatment under general anesthesia is also challenging.

Separation characteristics of hydrophilic ionic liquids from ionic liquids-water solution by ultrasonic atomization.

Ionic liquids (ILs) have attracted much attention as promising alternatives for volatile organic solvents. Although the applications of ILs have been found in a diverse range of fields, there are a limited number of methods for the recovery of ILs so far. As an efficient separation method, therefore, ultrasonic atomization has been attempted to recover hydrophilic ILs, [Bmim][BF], from ILs-water solution.

Preparation of glutaraldehyde-treated lipase-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers and their catalytic performance as immobilized enzymes.

The use of protein-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers for the immobilization of enzymes has received a significant degree of attention owing to their capability to retain high enzymatic activity and stability. However, the relative lack of reusability due to the weakness of the flower-like structure has limited their practical applications. Herein, we have developed a simple but efficient method to synthesize highly robust enzyme-inorganic hybrid nanoflowers, which relies on further crosslinking of the enzyme molecules entrapped in the hybrid nanoflowers by treatment with glutaraldehyde (GA).

Price comparisons on the internet based on computational intelligence.

Information-intensive Web services such as price comparison sites have recently been gaining popularity. However, most users including novice shoppers have difficulty in browsing such sites because of the massive amount of information gathered and the uncertainty surrounding Web environments. Even conventional price comparison sites face various problems, which suggests the necessity of a new approach to address these problems.

The relationship between enhanced enzyme activity and structural dynamics in ionic liquids: a combined computational and experimental study.

Candida antarctica lipase B (CALB) is an efficient biocatalyst for hydrolysis, esterification, and polymerization reactions. In order to understand how to control enzyme activity and stability we performed a combined experimental and molecular dynamics simulation study of CALB in organic solvents and ionic liquids (ILs). Our results demonstrate that the conformational changes of the active site cavity are directly related to enzyme activity and decrease in the following order: [Bmim][TfO] > tert-butanol > [Bmim][Cl].

Refolding of laccase in dilution additive mode with copper-based ionic liquid.

Ionic liquids (ILs) are molten salts which do not crystallize at room temperature. Tunable physicochemical properties of ILs including hydrophobicity and polarity facilitate their applications in many biological processes. In this study, a copper-based IL was employed in order to enhance the refolding efficiency of laccase from Trametes versicolor which requires copper as a cofactor.

Ultrasound-enhanced recovery of butanol/ABE by pervaporation.

The search for renewable sources of energy has led to renewed interests on the biochemical route for the production of butanol. Butanol production suffers from several drawbacks, mainly caused by butanol inhibition to the butanol-producing microorganism which makes it economically uncompetitive against the chemical process. One possible solution proposed is the in situ recovery of acetone-butanol-ethanol (ABE).

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed synthesis of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in ionic liquids by response surface methodology.

Lipase-catalyzed caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) synthesis in ionic liquid, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Emim][Tf(2)N]), was investigated in this study. The effects of several reaction conditions, including reaction time, reaction temperature, substrate molar ratio of phenethyl alcohol to caffeic acid (CA), and weight ratio of enzyme to CA, on CAPE yield were examined. In a single parameter study, the highest CAPE yield in [Emim][Tf(2)N] was obtained at 70 °C with a substrate molar ratio of 30:1 and weight ratio of enzyme to CA of 15:1.

Effect of ionic liquids on enzymatic synthesis of caffeic acid phenethyl ester.

Although caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an active flavonoid, plays an important role in the antioxidant activity of honeybee propolis, the isolation of CAPE from honeybee propolis is time-consuming due to wide variety of impurities present. Therefore, biochemical method to synthesize CAPE was investigated in this study. Since ionic liquids (ILs) possess some unique characteristics as appreciated alternatives to conventional solvents for certain biotransformation, the effect of ILs as reaction media for enzymatic synthesis of CAPE was assessed.

Microwave-assisted separation of ionic liquids from aqueous solution of ionic liquids.

Microwave-assisted separation has been applied to recover ionic liquid (IL) from its aqueous solution as an efficient method with respect to time and energy compared to the conventional vacuum distillation. Hydrophilic ILs such as 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Bmim][BF(4)]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([Bmim][TfO]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methylsulfate ([Emim][MS]) could be recovered in 6 min from the mixture of ILs and water (1:1, w/w) under microwave irradiation at constant power of 10 W while it took at least 240 min to obtain ILs containing same water content (less than 0.5 wt%) by conventional vacuum oven at 363.

Microwave-assisted pretreatment of cellulose in ionic liquid for accelerated enzymatic hydrolysis.

For increasing cellulose accessibility to the enzymatic attack, the pretreatment is a necessary step to alter some structural characteristics of cellulosic materials. As a new pretreatment method, microwave irradiation on cellulose dissolution pretreatment with ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated in this study. Microwave irradiation not only enhanced the solubility of cellulose in ILs but also significantly decreased the degree of polymerization of regenerated cellulose after IL dissolution pretreatment, resulting in significant improvement of cellulose hydrolysis.

Optimization of lipase-catalyzed glucose ester synthesis in ionic liquids.

Lipase-catalyzed esterification of glucose with fatty acids in ionic liquids (ILs) mixture was investigated by using supersaturated glucose solution. The effect of ILs mixture ratio, substrate ratio, lipase content, and temperature on the activity and stability of lipase was also studied. The highest yield of sugar ester was obtained in a mixture of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([Bmim][TfO]) and 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis[(trifluoromethyl)-sulfonyl]amide ([Omim][Tf(2)N]) with a volume ratio of 9:1, while Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica type B lipase immobilized on acrylic resin) showed the optimal stability and activity in a mixture of [Bmim][TfO] and [Omim][Tf(2)N] with a 1:1 volume ratio.

Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of glucose fatty acid ester using ionic liquids mixtures.

Novozym 435-catalyzed synthesis of 6-O-lauroyl-d-glucose in ionic liquids (ILs) was investigated. The highest lipase activity was obtained in water-miscible [Bmim][TfO] which can dissolve high concentration of glucose, while the highest stability of lipase was shown in hydrophobic [Bmim][Tf(2)N]. The optimal activity and stability of lipase could be obtained in [Bmim][TfO] and [Bmim][Tf(2)N] mixture (1:1, v/v).