PD-L1 is Fascinating but IDO Needs Attention in Non-HCV and Non-HBV-Associated Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

Background/aim: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common forms of liver cancer that is modulated by the immune system. Programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) has emerged as a novel therapeutic target in various cancers. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that is associated with poor prognoses in various cancer types.

High Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase Expression along with Low Bridging Integrator-1 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) adopts several tumor immune escape mechanisms; therefore, it has the potential to be targeted by immunotherapy. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is an immunosuppressive enzyme that has been observed to be overexpressed in HCC patients with poor prognoses. Bridging integrator 1 (Bin1) loss promotes immune escape in cancer by deregulating IDO.

Relapse of Non-Gastrointestinal Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis in the Rectum in a Child: A Case Report.

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare disorder most commonly involving skin, bone and lung. The gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is an uncommon site of disease and only a handful of case reports exist. We present a case of a 15-year old boy with treated LCH involving the skin, bones, central nervous system (CNS) and pituitary gland.

Metallic stent insertion to relieve malignant bowel obstruction in a child: a case report.

Self-expandable metallic stents (SEMS) have been widely used in adults to relieve obstruction secondary to colorectal tumours. However, there is a paucity of literature about their use in children, with only a few case reports describing stent insertion in children with benign colonic conditions. There is one case report on a malignant colonic condition in a child by Hussain .

Pyloric stent insertion in malignant gastric outlet obstruction: moving beyond palliation.

Background: Self-expandable metallic stents have not only largely replaced surgical gastrojejunostomy for unresectable gastric cancers, but their role as bridging therapy for resectable obstructing tumours is also evolving.

Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of pyloric stents in gastric outlet obstruction in patients with gastric cancer and assess survival in patients with resectable obstructing gastric tumours in whom stents were inserted as a bridge to surgery.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the electronic medical records of patients who underwent self-expandable metallic stent insertion for gastric outlet obstruction due to gastric cancer from January 2014 to March 2019.

Salvage therapy of bleeding esophageal tumor by fully covered self-expandable metallic stent: A case report.

The role of self-expandable metallic stents is gradually evolving for a diverse group of benign and malignant gastrointestinal tract problems, with luminal obstruction being by far the most common. Although its role in refractory variceal bleeding is well established, it has rarely been tried for tumor-related bleeding, with only a few case reports in this regard. We share our experience of successfully controlling esophageal tumor-related bleeding with the use of a fully covered self-expandable metallic stent.