Total dosage of gardenia fruit used by patients with mesenteric phlebosclerosis.

Background: Mesenteric phlebosclerosis (MP) is a disease characterized by fibrotic change or calcification of the mesenteric vein. Recently, there has been an increase in case reports of MP related to herbal medicine usage. Long-term intake of gardenia fruit (GF) is suspected as a possible cause.

Comparison of the effects of percutaneous and intraduodenal administration of oxybutynin on bladder contraction and salivation in rabbits.

Aim: As only a few basic animal experiments have assessed the usefulness of percutaneous application of oxybutynin, we compared the effects of percutaneous application and intraduodenal injection of oxybutynin on urinary bladder contraction accompanied by micturition in conscious rabbits and salivation in anesthetized rabbits.

Methods: Bladder contractions were induced by continuous infusion of saline (2 mL/min) into the bladder. Salivary secretion was induced by pilocarpine (0.