Facile Mn Surface Doping of Ni-Rich Layered Cathode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries.

A facile Mn surface doping process is proposed to improve the thermal and structural stabilities of Ni-rich layered cathode materials (Ni ≥ 80%) for lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Herein, we demonstrate that the surface structure of the Ni-rich layered cathode materials can be stabilized by the introduction of a thin Mn-rich surface layer. This layer effectively reduces the direct exposure of the highly reactive Ni on the surface of the cathode materials, thus enhancing thermal stability and mitigating side reactions associated with highly reactive Ni that causes the loss of reversible capacity.

Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for the proteasome activator PA28-beta subunit of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus).

Proteasome is a large multisubunit complex involved in intracellular proteolysis in antigen processing for loading MHC class I molecules. Two activators PA28-alpha and PA28-beta, which are induced by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), activate this latent enzyme complex. Genes encoding these activators, PSME1 and PSME2, respectively, have been characterized from various mammalian but only from zebrafish among piscine.