Maternal separation in mice leads to anxiety-like/aggressive behavior and increases immunoreactivity for glutamic acid decarboxylase and parvalbumin in the adolescence ventral hippocampus.

It has been reported that stressful events in early life influence behavior in adulthood and are associated with different psychiatric disorders, such as major depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, and anxiety disorder. Maternal separation (MS) is a representative animal model for reproducing childhood stress. It is used as an animal model for depression, and has well-known effects, such as increasing anxiety behavior and causing abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.

Phosphoproteome profiling of hippocampal synaptic plasticity.

The balance between the actions of protein kinases and phosphatases is crucial for neuronal functions, including synaptic plasticity. Although the phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of neuronal proteins are regulated by synaptic plasticity, no systematic analyses of this have yet been conducted. We performed a phosphoproteomic analysis of hippocampal synaptic plasticity using a nano-Acquity/Synapt LC-MS/MS system.

-Anethole Alleviates Trimethyltin Chloride-Induced Impairments in Long-Term Potentiation.

-anethole is an aromatic compound that has been studied for its anti-inflammation, anticonvulsant, antinociceptive, and anticancer effects. A recent report found that -anethole exerted neuroprotective effects on the brain via multiple pathways. Since noxious stimuli may both induce neuronal cell injury and affect synaptic functions (e.

Multi-Odor Discrimination by Rat Sniffing for Potential Monitoring of Lung Cancer and Diabetes.

The discrimination learning of multiple odors, in which multi-odor can be associated with different responses, is important for responding quickly and accurately to changes in the external environment. However, very few studies have been done on multi-odor discrimination by animal sniffing. Herein, we report a novel multi-odor discrimination system by detection rats based on the combination of 2-Choice and Go/No-Go (GNG) tasks into a single paradigm, in which the Go response of GNG was replaced by 2-Choice, for detection of toluene and acetone, which are odor indicators of lung cancer and diabetes, respectively.

Olfactory Detection of Toluene by Detection Rats for Potential Screening of Lung Cancer.

Early detection is critical to successfully eradicating a variety of cancers, so the development of a new cancer primary screening system is essential. Herein, we report an animal nose sensor system for the potential primary screening of lung cancer. To establish this, we developed an odor discrimination training device based on operant conditioning paradigms for detection of toluene, an odor indicator component of lung cancer.

Depression-like behaviors induced by defective PTPRT activity through dysregulated synaptic functions and neurogenesis.

PTPRT has been known to regulate synaptic formation and dendritic arborization of hippocampal neurons. null and -D401A mutant mice displayed enhanced depression-like behaviors compared with wild-type mice. Transient knockdown of PTPRT in the dentate gyrus enhanced the depression-like behaviors of wild-type mice, whereas rescued expression of PTPRT ameliorated the behaviors of -null mice.

Differential Expression of miRNAs and Behavioral Change in the Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination Mouse Model.

The demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system involve myelin abnormalities, oligodendrocyte damage, and consequent glia activation. Neurotoxicant cuprizone (CPZ) was used to establish a mouse model of demyelination. However, the effects of CPZ on microRNA (miRNA) expression and behavior have not been clearly reported.

Delta- and mu-opioid pathways are involved in the analgesic effect of Ocimum basilicum L in mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Ocimum basilicum L. is a perennial herb that has been used in traditional Asian Indian medicine for thousands of years as a natural anti-inflammatory, antibiotic, diuretic, and analgesic.

Aim Of The Study: The present study was conducted to investigate the analgesic effects of basil essential oil (BEO) in inflammatory pain models and identify underlying mechanisms.

Analgesic effects of eucalyptus essential oil in mice.

Background: The use of aroma oils dates back to at least 3000 B.C., where it was applied to mummify corpses and treat the wounds of soldiers.

Neuregulin1 Attenuates HO-Induced Reductions in EAAC1 Protein Levels and Reduces HO-Induced Oxidative Stress.

Neuregulin 1 (NRG1) exhibits potent neuroprotective properties. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antioxidative effects and underlying mechanisms of NRG1 against HO-induced oxidative stress in primary rat cortical neurons. The expression level of the excitatory amino acid carrier 1 (EAAC1) protein was measured by Western blotting and immunocytochemistry.

Blocking the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway inhibits neuregulin-1-mediated rescue of neurotoxicity induced by Aβ1-42.

Objectives: Neuregulin-1 (NRG1) has an important role in both the development and the plasticity of the brain as well as neuroprotective properties. In this study, we investigated the downstream pathways of NRG1 signalling and their role in the prevention of Aβ1-42 -induced neurotoxicity.

Methods: Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity and TUNEL staining were assayed to examine the neuroprotective properties in primary rat cortical neurons.

The effect of 1,8-cineole inhalation on preoperative anxiety: a randomized clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of inhalation of eucalyptus oil and its constituents on anxiety in patients before selective nerve root block (SNRB). This study was a randomized controlled trial carried out in 62 patients before SNRB. The patients were randomized to inhale limonene, 1,8-cineole, or eucalyptus oil, each at concentrations of 1% vol/vol in almond oil or almond oil (control).

Chronic brain inflammation causes a reduction in GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors and an increase in the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases in the hippocampus.

Neuroinflammation plays a key role in the initiation and progression of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Chronic neuroinflammation results in diminished synaptic plasticity and loss of GluN1 N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the hippocampus, leading to the cognitive deficits that are the most common symptoms of AD. Therefore, it is suggested that chronic inflammation may alter expression levels of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of NMDA receptors and associated intracellular signalling.

Anti-inflammatory effects of anethole in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury in mice.

Aims: Anethole, the major component of the essential oil of star anise, has been reported to have antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anesthetic properties. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of anethole in a mouse model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Main Methods: BALB/C mice were intraperitoneally administered anethole (62.

Citrus bergamia Risso Elevates Intracellular Ca (2+) in Human Vascular Endothelial Cells due to Release of Ca (2+) from Primary Intracellular Stores.

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effects of essential oil of Citrus bergamia Risso (bergamot, BEO) on intracellular Ca(2+) in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Fura-2 fluorescence was used to examine changes in intracellular Ca(2+) concentration [Ca(2+)]i . In the presence of extracellular Ca(2+), BEO increased [Ca(2+)]i , which was partially inhibited by a nonselective Ca(2+) channel blocker La(3+).

Effects of 1,8-cineole on hypertension induced by chronic exposure to nicotine in rats.

Objectives: The monoterpenic oxide 1,8-cineole is a major component of many essential oils. We investigated its effects on systolic blood pressure (SBP) and oxidative stress in rats chronically exposed to nicotine.

Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (100-120 g) were intraperitoneally injected with 0.

Basal blood corticosterone level is correlated with susceptibility to chronic restraint stress in mice.

Corticosterone is released in response to stress and manifests as various bodily stress responses in rodents. While corticosterone reflects acute adaptive responses, how the basal steady-state corticosterone level relates to the subsequent stress response is largely unknown. Here, we investigated how basal corticosterone levels can affect the susceptibility to chronic restraint stress in mice.

Effect of eucalyptus oil inhalation on pain and inflammatory responses after total knee replacement: a randomized clinical trial.

Eucalyptus oil has been reported effective in reducing pain, swelling, and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of eucalyptus oil inhalation on pain and inflammatory responses after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery. Participants were randomized 1 : 1 to intervention group (eucalyptus inhalation group) or control group (almond oil inhalation group).

The essential oil of Citrus bergamia Risso induces vasorelaxation of the mouse aorta by activating K(+) channels and inhibiting Ca(2+) influx.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the effect of the essential oil of Citrus bergamia Risso (bergamot) on mouse blood vessels and to analyse the mechanism of this effect from a pharmacological perspective.

Methods: We investigated the effect of bergamot essential oil (BEO) on vascular tonus during contraction of mouse aorta induced by prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α ) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine).

Key Findings: In mouse aortic rings, BEO (0.

Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate Enhances Long-Term Potentiation in the Hippocampus through Activation of Protein Kinase Cδ and ε.

Many intracellular proteins and signaling cascades contribute to the sensitivity of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). One such putative contributor is the serine/threonine kinase, protein kinase C (PKC). Activation of PKC by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) causes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and promotes the formation of new spines in cultured hippocampal neurons.

Inactivation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling axis and downregulation of M1 mAChR cause cognitive impairment in klotho mutant mice, a genetic model of aging.

We previously reported cognitive dysfunction in klotho mutant mice. In the present study, we further examined novel mechanisms involved in cognitive impairment in these mice. Significantly decreased janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and signal transducer and activator of transcription3 (STAT3) phosphorylation were observed in the hippocampus of klotho mutant mice.