Deciphering tumour microenvironment and elucidating the origin of cancer cells in ovarian clear cell carcinoma.

Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCC) has an East Asian preponderance. It is associated with endometriosis, a benign condition where endometrial (inner lining of the uterus) tissue is found outside the uterus and on the peritoneal surface, in the abdominal or pelvic space. CCC is relatively more resistant to conventional chemotherapy compared to other ovarian cancer subtypes and is associated with a poorer prognosis.

Improving the effectiveness of cervical cancer screening: Managing positive high-risk human papillomavirus results.

Introduction: Good compliance of the management of abnormal results is important for effective cervical screening. This study investigated the rate of surveillance and follow-up outcomes for human papillomavirus (HPV)-positive women in cervical screening.

Method: Women on surveillance by repeat HPV testing were identified in a prospectively managed database.

Clinical efficacy of primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening with partial genotyping for HPV-16 and HPV-18 subtypes in women from 25 years old.

Introduction: Cervical screening programmes differ in the age of women recommended for primary human papillomavirus (HPV) testing. This study aims to determine the clinical efficacy and impact of 14-high-risk HPV DNA testing for women from 25 years old.

Method: This was a retrospective analysis of data collected prospectively from women 25 years or older who attended hospital-based gynaecology clinics for cervical screening.

Cost-effectiveness of two-dose human papillomavirus vaccination in Singapore.

Introduction: Cervical cancer is the tenth most common cancer and the eighth most frequent cause of death among women in Singapore. As human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the necessary cause of cervical cancer, the risk of cervical cancer can be substantially reduced through vaccination. This study was conducted to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of two-dose HPV vaccination as part of a national vaccination programme for 12-year-old girls in Singapore, from the perspective of the healthcare payer.

Detection Rate of High-Grade Cervical Neoplasia and Cost-Effectiveness of High-Risk Human Papillomavirus Genotyping with Reflex Liquid-based Cytology in Cervical Cancer Screening.

Introduction: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 or worse (≥CIN3) and cost-effectiveness of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping with reflex liquid-based cytology (LBC) for cervical cancer screening in Singapore.

Materials And Methods: Women who were ≥25 years old and undertook co-testing with LBC and HPV-genotyping (Cobas-4800, Roche, USA) for HPV-16, HPV-18 and 12 high-risk HPV types in a single institution were studied retrospectively. A single cervical smear in ThinPrep® PreservCyt® solution (Hologic, USA) was separated for tests in independent cytology and molecular pathology laboratories.

The clinical and economic benefits of school-based quadrivalent HPV vaccination in Singapore.

Objective: To investigate the clinical and economic impacts of school-based administration of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine.

Methods: A retrospective health-economic analysis was conducted using data collected in Singapore between 2004 and 2005. A dynamic transmission model was adapted for universal vaccination that provided 80% coverage among students aged 11-12 years.

Factors affecting the uptake of cervical cancer screening among nurses in Singapore.

Objective: To identify factors other than socioeconomic status that influence participation in cervical cancer screening.

Methods: A prospective, questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among all female nurses working at Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, between November 1 and December 15, 2013. Characteristics assessed included age, knowledge score (0-10, on the basis of 10 true-or-false statements), perceived risk of cervical cancer, and health facility use.

Targeted silencing of MLL5β inhibits tumor growth and promotes gamma-irradiation sensitization in HPV16/18-associated cervical cancers.

We previously identified a novel MLL5 isoform, MLL5β, which was essential for E6 and E7 transcriptional activation in HPV16/18-associated cervical cancers. In this report, we investigated the potential of RNAi-mediated silencing of MLL5β through the use of MLL5β-siRNA as a novel therapeutic strategy for HPV16/18-positive cervical cancer. We observed concurrent downregulation of E6 and E7 after MLL5β silencing, leading to growth inhibition via the activation of apoptosis and senescence in the HeLa cell model.

Evidence for ethnic and environmental contributions to frequency of ovarian clear cell carcinoma.

Background: Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is reportedly more common in Asians than Caucasians. We investigated the epidemiology of OCCC in an Asian population.

Materials And Methods: Cases of epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) diagnosed between January 2004 and December 2009 in a gynaecologic oncology unit were studied retrospectively.

Prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus infection in healthy women is related to sexual behaviours and educational level: a cross-sectional study.

This study reports the prevalence and risk factors of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection in healthy women in Singapore. Demography, education, sexual and reproductive history and cigarette smoking habits were obtained from a cross-sectional population of healthy women and girls aged above 12 years of age. Cervical or vaginal cytology samples were investigated for 37 known anogenital HPV subtypes using the linear array PCR method.

Health and economic burden of HPV-related diseases in Singapore.

Objective: To assess the health and economic burden of human papillomavirus (HPV)-related diseases (cervical cancer, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 1/2/3, and genital warts) in Singapore over a period of 25 years beginning in 2008.

Methods: Incidence-based modeling was used to estimate the incidence cases and associated economic burden, with the assumption that age-stratified incidence rates will remain the same throughout the period of 25 years. The incidence rates in 2008 were projected based on data obtained from the National Cancer Registry for cervical cancer, and from a combination of published data and hospital registry review for CIN1/2/3 and genital warts.

A novel MLL5 isoform that is essential to activate E6 and E7 transcription in HPV16/18-associated cervical cancers.

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is the primary cause of human cervical cancer. The viral proteins E6 and E7 are essential to transform noncancerous epithelial cells into cancerous carcinomas by targeting key tumor suppressors p53 and retinoblastoma (Rb) proteins, respectively, but the cellular factors involved in E6 and E7 transcription themselves are incompletely understood. In this study, we defined a novel isoform of the mixed lineage leukemia 5 gene (MLL5β) as a specific and critical regulator of E6 and E7 transcription in cervical carcinoma cells.

The impact of cytology screening and HPV vaccination on the burden of cervical cancer.

Aim: To evaluate the impact of different strategies of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination on the burden of cervical cancer in Singapore.

Methods: The incidence of cervical cancer was calculated using a Markov model with inputs based on Singapore data for the prevalence of HPV infection, socioeconomic characteristics and screening prevalence. The evaluation was performed for 10 scenarios: no screening, current opportunistic cytology screening, ideal optimal screening, universal adolescent HPV vaccination at 12-years old alone and with catch-up cohorts and combinations of screening and vaccination.

Cost-effectiveness of different human papillomavirus vaccines in Singapore.

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are widely available and there have been studies exploring their potential clinical impact and cost-effectiveness. However, few studies have compared the cost-effectiveness among the 2 main vaccines available - a bivalent vaccine against HPV 16/18, and a quadrivalent vaccine against 6/11/16/18. We explore the cost-effectiveness of these two HPV vaccines in tropical Singapore.

Recommendations for cervical cancer prevention in Asia Pacific.

Asia Oceania includes countries from both the Asia Pacific region and Australasia, which cover very diverse geographical areas and populations as well as bearing 52% of the cervical cancer burden in the world. Human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype distribution in women with normal cytology varies between countries in this region, as well as with the distribution typically observed in worldwide estimates or in Western countries. HPV-16 remains the predominant oncogenic type for high-grade cervical dysplasia and cervical cancer across the region, and HPV-18 is generally among the five most common types.

Epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer and future perspectives in Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan.

Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan are three island states that are newly emerged affluent economic areas in Asia. The majority of the populations are ethnically Chinese with a total population of 6.98, 4.

Endometriosis-specific genes identified by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction expression profiling of endometriosis versus autologous uterine endometrium.

Context: The etiology and molecular pathogenesis of endometriosis, a prevalent estrogen-dependent gynecologic disease, are poorly understood.

Objective: The objective of the study was to identify the differentially expressed genes between autologous ectopic and eutopic endometrium.

Design: Subtractive hybridization was used for a genome-wide search for differentially expressed genes between autologous ectopic and eutopic endometrium.

Molecular cloning, characterization and isolation of novel spliced variants of the human ortholog of a rat estrogen-regulated membrane-associated protein, UO-44.

We have previously reported the characterization of an estrogen-regulated rat uterine-ovarian-specific complementary DNA (UO-44). To understand the involvement of this protein in the initiation and progression of human ovarian and uterine cancers, we now report the cloning and characterization of the human ortholog (HuUO-44). HuUO-44 is mapped to chromosome 10q26.