Implementing competency-based medical education in post-graduate ophthalmology training: Understanding key concepts and methodologies and overcoming challenges.

The National Medical Council (NMC) has mandated that all post-graduate training shall be competency-based, following the principles of Competency. Based Medical Education (CBME). This aims to serve the dual purpose of standardizing ophthalmology post-graduate training and to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional curriculum by employing innovative and interactive teaching-learning and assessment techniques to produce competent ophthalmologists well equipped with clinical, surgical, and professional skills relevant to current times.

Optical Coherence Tomography Features of Ocular Cysticercosis: A Review of Literature With Observer Variation.

Ocular cysticercosis is a sparsely reported condition, requiring urgent management. The gold standard for diagnosis is an in toto extraction of the cyst with subsequent histopathology. The procedure can be demanding in contrast to the frequently adopted practice of in vivo cyst lysis.

Slit lamp examination during COVID-19: Where should the protective barrier be?

Purpose: The aim of this study was to describe a poly-vinyl chloride air condition (PVC AC) curtain shield placed at the intervening space between the chin rest and the illuminating and optical arm of the slit lamp microscope (distal barrier) instead of the present position at the oculars (proximal barrier) to guard against severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus 2. This experimental study was done to validate and compare the protection offered by the conventional breath shields and the one described by us in a simulated environment.

Methods: In this experimental study, 12 puffs of fine mist were sprayed over a period of 1 minute using "magenta-colored dye" and "cyan-colored dye" for analyzing proximal barrier and distal barrier respectively.

Modified intraocular lens injector assisted rescue technique for failed viscoexpression in a case of intracameral cysticercosis.

Intracameral cysticercosis is a rare disease, and surgical management with viscoexpression is the preferred technique. We discuss a novel technique for removal of anterior chamber parasitic cysts and present it as an alternative to the conventional viscoexpression. Our technique uses a custom-made assembly combining an intraocular lens (IOL) cartridge with an aspiration cannula.

Use and validation of mirrorless digital single light reflex camera for recording of vitreoretinal surgeries in high definition.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to describe the use of commercial digital single light reflex (DSLR) for vitreoretinal surgery recording and compare it to standard 3-chip charged coupling device (CCD) camera.

Methods: Simultaneous recording was done using Sony A7s2 camera and Sony high-definition 3-chip camera attached to each side of the microscope. The videos recorded from both the camera systems were edited and sequences of similar time frames were selected.

Post-transplant erythrocytosis-related maculopathy: successful management of hyperviscosity with phlebotomy.

Purpose: To report clinical features in a case of hyperviscosity retinopathy following post-renal transplant erythrocytosis (PTE) and its outcome after phlebotomy.

Methods: Fundus fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT) were carried out for a 29-year-old renal allograft recipient who presented with acute unilateral visual loss.

Result: There was mild retinal vascular dilation in both eyes with retinal hemorrhages and retinal opaqueness in left eye.

Comparison of surgeon comfort assessment during phacoemulsification using bilateral topical anesthesia versus ipsilateral topical anesthesia: a randomized controlled study.

Aim: To evaluate the effectiveness of bilateral use of topical anesthetic eye drops during phacoemulsification procedure as compared to use in one eye only.

Methods: This is a prospective double-blind randomized case study of 180 cases undergoing phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia using 0.5% proparacaine: Group 1 consisting of patients who had topical anesthetic eye drop instilled into the operating eye only and Group 2 consisting of patients who had both their eyes anesthetized using topical anesthetic eye drops.

Cow Urine Keratopathy: A Case Report.

Injury to the ocular surface has been described to occur with a wide variety of chemicals. In most cases the cause is industrial injury with acids or alkalis. We are reporting a case of ocular surface injury due to "Cow urine" which to the best of our knowledge is been reported for the first time.

Evaluation of vitreoretinal interface changes in patients receiving intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy.

Purpose: To study the effects of repeated intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drug bevacizumab on the vitreoretinal interface (VRI).

Methods: Patients undergoing intravitreal injection of bevacizumab were enrolled. Eyes with media haze, uveitis, high myopia, history of cataract surgery or laser capsulotomy in last 6 months and complicated pseudophakia were excluded.

Recent trends: Medical management of infectious keratitis.

This review article highlights the newer diagnostic modalities and approaches in the medical management of infectious keratitis. A Medline literature search conducted to March 2014 has been included. Recent studies or publications were selected from international indexed journals using suitable key words.

Therapeutic vitrectomy for vitreal recurrence of intraocular lymphoma resistant to intravitreal methotrexate post systemic chemotherapy.

A 49-year-old female with biopsy proven primary vitreoretinal lymphoma and primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL) presented with asymmetric involvement of both eyes. Right eye had primarily retinal and optic nerve involvement with no light perception while the left eye had purely vitreal form of the disease with visual acuity of 6/18. She was treated with recommended DeAngelis protocol for PCNSL and achieved complete remission of CNS disease and in the right eye and responded only partially to the systemic chemotherapy in the left eye.

Clinicopathologic characteristics of choroidal melanoma in a North Indian population: analysis of 10-year data.

To analyze the clinical and histopathological characteristics of choroidal melanomas undergoing enucleation at a tertiary care center in India and compare with data from other countries. A retrospective review of in-patient hospital records from 2001-2011. Patients undergoing enucleation with a clinical diagnosis of choroidal melanoma.

Small gauge vitrectomy: Recent update.

Small gauge vitrectomy, also known as minimally invasive vitreous surgery (MIVS), is a classic example of progress in biomedical engineering. Disparity in conjunctival and scleral wound location and reduction in wound diameter are its core principles. Fluidic changes include increased pressure head loss with consequent reduction in infusional flow rate and use of higher aspiration vacuum at the cutter port.

n-Butyl cyanoacrylate-induced multiple retinal arteriolar occlusions.

We report a case of multiple retinal arteriolar occlusions due to delayed embolisation of N-butylcyanoacrylate glue, initially injected in the external carotid artery for the management of Carotid body tumour. Ocular massage and anterior chamber paracentesis were unfruitful and patient suffered irreversible visual loss in the affected eye. Embolisation of N-butyl cyanoacrylate glue into the retinal vasculature after intratumoral injection should be kept in mind as a rare but possible complication by radiologists and ophthalmologists.

Modified subretinal dye extrusion technique (MORE-DETECH): subretinal diluted trypan blue for detecting occult retinal breaks in retinal detachment after endotamponade removal.

To investigate the effectiveness of a new technique for the identification of occult retinal breaks in retinal redetachment after removal of silicone oil endotamponade. The technique involves injection of subretinal dye and extrusion through the unidentified breaks. A prospective interventional case series.