Lay health worker led intervention for depressive and anxiety disorders in India: impact on clinical and disability outcomes over 12 months.

Background: Depressive and anxiety disorders (common mental disorders) are the most common psychiatric condition encountered in primary healthcare.

Aims: To test the effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors in primary care settings (the MANAS intervention) to improve the outcomes of people with common mental disorders.

Method: Twenty-four primary care facilities (12 public, 12 private) in Goa (India) were randomised to provide either collaborative stepped care or enhanced usual care to adults who screened positive for common mental disorders.

The integration of the treatment for common mental disorders in primary care: experiences of health care providers in the MANAS trial in Goa, India.

Background: The MANAS trial reported that a Lay Health Counsellor (LHC) led collaborative stepped care intervention (the "MANAS intervention") for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) was effective in public sector primary care clinics but private sector General Practitioners (GPs) did as well with or without the additional counsellor. This paper aims to describe the experiences of integrating the MANAS intervention in primary care.

Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews with key members (n = 119) of the primary health care teams upon completion of the trial and additional interviews with control arm GPs upon completion of the outcome analyses which revealed non-inferiority of this arm.

Effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors for depressive and anxiety disorders in primary care in Goa, India (MANAS): a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Background: Depression and anxiety disorders are common mental disorders worldwide. The MANAS trial aimed to test the effectiveness of an intervention led by lay health counsellors in primary care settings to improve outcomes of people with these disorders.

Methods: In this cluster randomised trial, primary care facilities in Goa, India, were assigned (1:1) by computer-generated randomised sequence to intervention or control (enhanced usual care) groups.

Integrating evidence-based treatments for common mental disorders in routine primary care: feasibility and acceptability of the MANAS intervention in Goa, India.

Common mental disorders, such as depression and anxiety, pose a major public health burden in developing countries. Although these disorders are thought to be best managed in primary care settings, there is a dearth of evidence about how this can be achieved in low resource settings. The MANAS project is an attempt to integrate an evidence based package of treatments into routine public and private primary care settings in Goa, India.

Improving the outcomes of primary care attenders with common mental disorders in developing countries: a cluster randomized controlled trial of a collaborative stepped care intervention in Goa, India.

Background And Objective: Common mental disorders (CMD) are a leading global burden of disease. Up to 30% of primary care attenders suffer from these disorders but most do not receive evidence-based drug or psychological treatments. There are no trials of interventions which attempt to integrate these treatments into routine primary care in developing countries.

Risk factors for common mental disorders in women. Population-based longitudinal study.

Background: The determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.

Method: Population-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.

The explanatory models of depression in low income countries: listening to women in India.

Introduction: Women, and persons facing social and economic disadvantage, are at greater risk for depressive disorders. Our objective was to describe the explanatory models of illness in depressed women, in particular, their idioms of distress, and their views of their social circumstances and how this related to their illness.

Method: We carried out a qualitative investigation nested in a population based cohort study of women's mental and reproductive health in Goa, India.

Common genital complaints in women: the contribution of psychosocial and infectious factors in a population-based cohort study in Goa, India.

Background: The genital complaint of abnormal vaginal discharge is common in South Asia. We describe the risk factors for the incidence of the complaint in women of reproductive age. Method Population-based cohort study in Goa, India.

Gender disadvantage and reproductive health risk factors for common mental disorders in women: a community survey in India.

Background: Gender disadvantage and reproductive health are major determinants of women's health in developing countries.

Objective: To determine the association of factors indicative of gender disadvantage and reproductive health with the risk of common mental disorders (CMDs) in women.

Design: Cross-sectional survey from November 1, 2001, to June 15, 2003.

Chronic fatigue in developing countries: population based survey of women in India.

Objectives: To describe the prevalence of and risk factors for chronic fatigue in a developing country; in particular, to determine the association of anaemia, mental health, and gender disadvantage factors with chronic fatigue.

Design: Community survey.

Setting: Primary health centre catchment area in Goa, India.

Why do women complain of vaginal discharge? A population survey of infectious and pyschosocial risk factors in a South Asian community.

Background: Vaginal discharge is a common complaint, particularly among women in Asia. Although presumed to be caused by reproductive tract infections (RTIs), the association between the complaint and the presence of RTIs is weak. This study aimed to investigate the risk factors of the complaint of vaginal discharge.