AQUILA: A laboratory facility for the irradiation of astrochemical ice analogs by keV ions.

The detection of various molecular species, including complex organic molecules relevant to biochemical and geochemical processes, in astronomical settings, such as the interstellar medium or the outer solar system, has led to the increased need for a better understanding of the chemistry occurring in these cold regions of space. In this context, the chemistry of ices prepared and processed at cryogenic temperatures has proven to be of particular interest due to the fact that many interstellar molecules are believed to originate within the icy mantles adsorbed on nano- and micro-scale dust particles. The chemistry leading to the formation of such molecules may be initiated by ionizing radiation in the form of galactic cosmic rays or stellar winds, and thus, there has been an increased interest in commissioning experimental setups capable of simulating and better characterizing this solid-phase radiation astrochemistry.

Control-IQ Technology Use in Individuals With High Insulin Requirements: Results From the Multicenter Higher-IQ Trial.

Background: Control-IQ technology version 1.5 allows for a wider range of weight and total daily insulin (TDI) entry, in addition to other changes to enhance performance for users with high basal rates. This study evaluated the safety and performance of the updated Control-IQ system for users with basal rates >3 units/h and high TDI in a multicenter, single arm, prospective study.

Infrared Spectral Signatures of Nucleobases in Interstellar Ices I: Purines.

The purine nucleobases adenine and guanine are complex organic molecules that are essential for life. Despite their ubiquitous presence on Earth, purines have yet to be detected in observations of astronomical environments. This work therefore proposes to study the infrared spectra of purines linked to terrestrial biochemical processes under conditions analogous to those found in the interstellar medium.

A systematic mid-infrared spectroscopic study of thermally processed SO ices.

The use of mid-infrared spectroscopy to characterise the chemistry of icy interstellar and Solar System environments will be exploited in the near future to better understand the chemical processes and molecular inventories in various astronomical environments. This is, in part, due to observational work made possible by the recently launched as well as forthcoming missions to the outer Solar System that will observe in the mid-infrared spectroscopic region (, the and the missions). However, such spectroscopic characterisations are crucially reliant upon the generation of laboratory data for comparative purposes.

Energetic electron irradiations of amorphous and crystalline sulphur-bearing astrochemical ices.

Laboratory experiments have confirmed that the radiolytic decay rate of astrochemical ice analogues is dependent upon the solid phase of the target ice, with some crystalline molecular ices being more radio-resistant than their amorphous counterparts. The degree of radio-resistance exhibited by crystalline ice phases is dependent upon the nature, strength, and extent of the intermolecular interactions that characterise their solid structure. For example, it has been shown that crystalline CHOH decays at a significantly slower rate when irradiated by 2 keV electrons at 20 K than does the amorphous phase due to the stabilising effect imparted by the presence of an extensive array of strong hydrogen bonds.

Ozone production in electron irradiated CO:O ices.

The detection of ozone (O) in the surface ices of Ganymede, Jupiter's largest moon, and of the Saturnian moons Rhea and Dione, has motivated several studies on the route of formation of this species. Previous studies have successfully quantified trends in the production of O as a result of the irradiation of pure molecular ices using ultraviolet photons and charged particles (, ions and electrons), such as the abundances of O formed after irradiation at different temperatures or using different charged particles. In this study, we extend such results by quantifying the abundance of O as a result of the 1 keV electron irradiation of a series of 14 stoichiometrically distinct CO:O astrophysical ice analogues at 20 K.

Comparative electron irradiations of amorphous and crystalline astrophysical ice analogues.

Laboratory studies of the radiation chemistry occurring in astrophysical ices have demonstrated the dependence of this chemistry on a number of experimental parameters. One experimental parameter which has received significantly less attention is that of the phase of the solid ice under investigation. In this present study, we have performed systematic 2 keV electron irradiations of the amorphous and crystalline phases of pure CHOH and NO astrophysical ice analogues.

The Ice Chamber for Astrophysics-Astrochemistry (ICA): A new experimental facility for ion impact studies of astrophysical ice analogs.

The Ice Chamber for Astrophysics-Astrochemistry (ICA) is a new laboratory end station located at the Institute for Nuclear Research (Atomki) in Debrecen, Hungary. The ICA has been specifically designed for the study of the physico-chemical properties of astrophysical ice analogs and their chemical evolution when subjected to ionizing radiation and thermal processing. The ICA is an ultra-high-vacuum compatible chamber containing a series of IR-transparent substrates mounted on a copper holder connected to a closed-cycle cryostat capable of being cooled down to 20 K, itself mounted on a 360° rotation stage and a z-linear manipulator.

Usability and training differences between two personal insulin pumps.

The purpose of this study was to determine if there were usability and training differences between the Medtronic MiniMed Paradigm Revel Insulin Pump and the Tandem Diabetes Care t:slim Insulin Pump during use by representative users, performing representative tasks, in a simulated use environment. This study utilized a between-subjects experimental design with a total of 72 participants from 5 sites across the United States. Study participants were randomized to either the Revel pump group or the t:slim Pump group.

Molecular and negative ion production by a standard electron cyclotron resonance ion source.

Molecular and negative ion beams, usually produced in special ion sources, play an increasingly important role in fundamental and applied atomic physics. The ATOMKI-ECRIS is a standard ECR ion source, designed to provide highly charged ion (HCI) plasmas and beams. In the present work, H(-), O(-), OH(-), O(2)(-), C(-), C(60)(-) negative ions and H(2)(+), H(3)(+), OH(+), H(2)O(+), H(3)O(+), O(2)(+) positive molecular ions were generated in this HCI-ECRIS.

Crossing the technology divide: practical strategies for transitioning patients from multiple daily insulin injections to sensor-augmented pump therapy.

Purpose: To describe the benefits of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) systems compared with self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) and multiple daily injection (MDI) therapy; to assess the benefits of sensor-augmented pump therapy (SAPT) in patients with type 1 diabetes; and to present an evidence-based practical protocol for introducing SAPT in patients with no prior pump or CGM experience.

Conclusion: Continuous glucose monitoring and CSII have advantages over SMBG and MDI, respectively, in terms of A1C and hypoglycemia reduction. The Sensor-Augmented Pump Therapy for A1C Reduction (STAR) 3 trial demonstrated that initiating both CGM and CSII in selected adult and pediatric patients with type 1 diabetes unable to meet glycemic goals with intensive insulin injection therapy significantly improved glucose control.

Transmission of 3 keV Ne7+ ions through nanocapillaries etched in polymer foils: evidence for capillary guiding.

We report unprecedented transmission experiments of 3 keV Ne7+ ions through capillaries of 100 nm diameter and 10 microm length produced by etching ion tracks in a polymer foil. We studied foils tilted up to +/-20 degrees for which the incident ions are forced to interact with the capillary surface. Surprisingly, the majority of Ne7+ ions were found to survive the surface scattering events in their initial charge state.

Evidence for Fermi-shuttle ionization in intermediate velocity C+ + Xe collisions.

Experimental evidence has been found for consecutive projectile-target-projectile (triple) and projectile-target-projectile-target (quadruple) "ping-pong" scattering of ionized target electrons in single C+ +Xe collisions at 150 and 233 keV/u impact energies. Distinct signatures of the multiple electron scattering contributions to the high-energy part (300-3400 eV) of the double differential electron spectra have been separated and identified with the help of reference measurements using He+ projectile ions and different calculations.