Enhancing Regulatory T cell function by mevalonate pathway inhibition prevents liver fibrosis.

Liver fibrosis is a well-established risk factor for liver cancer development. Despite extensive mechanistic studies on liver fibrosis, the role of the immune cell network in fibrotic disease remains poorly understood. In this study, we demonstrate that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are involved in preventing liver fibrosis by regulating the mevalonate pathway.

Protocol for electroporating and isolating murine (sub)ventricular zone cells for single-nuclei omics.

In vivo genetic modification of neural stem cells is necessary to model the origins and pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Electroporation is a technique that applies a transient electrical field to direct charged molecules into living cells to genetically modify the mouse brain. Here, we provide a protocol to electroporate the neural stem cells surrounding the neonatal ventricles.

Regulation of Betaine Homocysteine Methyltransferase by Liver Receptor Homolog-1 in the Methionine Cycle.

Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase (BHMT) is one of the most abundant proteins in the liver and regulates homocysteine metabolism. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying transcription have not yet been elucidated. This study aimed to assess the molecular mechanisms underlying transcription and the effect of BHMT deficiency on metabolic functions in the liver mediated by liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1).

Impact of tibial transverse transport in tissue regeneration and wound healing with perspective on diabetic foot ulcers.

In this editorial, we comment on an article by Liao published in the current issue of the . We focus on the clinical significance of tibial transverse transport (TTT) as an effective treatment for patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). TTT has been associated with tissue regeneration, improved blood circulation, reduced amputation rates, and increased expression of early angiogenic factors.

Exposure to Tetrabutylammonium Bromide Impairs Cranial Neural Crest Specification, Neurogenic Program, and Brain Morphogenesis.

Tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBAB) is a widely used industrial reagent and is commonly found in our aquatic ecosystem as an industrial byproduct. In humans, the ingestion of TBAB causes severe neurological impairments and disorders such as vertigo, hallucinations, and delirium. Yet, the extent of environmental risk and TBAB toxicity to human health is poorly understood.

Colchicine stimulates browning via antagonism of GABA receptor B and agonism of β3-adrenergic receptor in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes.

Colchicine has been used for therapeutic purposes and has attracted considerable attention because of its association with tubulin and the inhibition of small tubular polymerization. Although several studies have examined the possible preventive role of colchicine in metabolic diseases, its role in adipocytes is largely unknown. This study examined the novel functional role of colchicine in adipocytes demonstrating that colchicine stimulates browning in cultured white adipocytes.

Prednisone stimulates white adipocyte browning via β3-AR/p38 MAPK/ERK signaling pathway.

Aims: Prednisone is a corticosteroid-derived drug which is widely used for its role in immunosuppression and treatment of lung disorders. The current study reports, for the first time, the critical role of prednisone in the induction of white fat browning, thereby promoting thermogenic effect in cultured white adipocytes.

Main Methods: The fat-browning activity of prednisone was evaluated in 3T3-L1 cells by quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking techniques.

β-Carotene stimulates browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by enhancing thermogenesis via the β3-AR/p38 MAPK/SIRT signaling pathway.

Background: Natural compounds with medicinal properties are part of a strategic trend in the treatment of obesity. The vitamin A agent, β-carotene, is a well-known carotenoid, and its numerous functions in metabolism have been widely studied. The activation of thermogenesis by stimulating white fat browning (beiging) has been identified as a treatment for obese individuals.

Anthocyanin oligomers stimulate browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes via activation of the β3-adrenergic receptor and ERK signaling pathway.

Microbial fermentation of grape-skin extracts is found to synthesize anthocyanin oligomers (AO), which are more active than the monomeric anthocyanins that are effective for some metabolic diseases such as diabetes and obesity. This study investigated the functional role of AO in 3T3-L1 white adipocyte metabolism, with a focus on inducing browning. To achieve this, we determined the expressions of core genes and protein markers responsible for browning and lipid metabolism in response to AO treatment of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes.

Loss of family with sequence similarity 107, member A (FAM107A) induces browning in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.

Induction of white fat browning (beiging) and activation of brown fat has been considered a promising strategy to treat obesity and associated metabolic complications. However, the molecular mechanisms regulating brown and beige fat-mediated thermogenesis remains unclear. Our study aimed to identify genes with a hitherto unknown mechanism in the metabolic functions of adipocytes and identified family with sequence similarity 107, member A (FAM107A) as a factor that interferes with fat browning in white adipocytes.

Watching the embryo: Evolution of the microscope for the study of embryogenesis.

Embryos and microscopes share a long, remarkable history and biologists have always been intrigued to watch how embryos develop under the microscope. Here we discuss the advances in microscopy which have greatly influenced our current understanding of embryogenesis. We highlight the evolution of microscopes and the optical technologies that have been instrumental in studying various developmental processes.

Novel regulatory roles of UCP1 in osteoblasts.

Aims: The bone-adipose axis requires complex homeostasis in energy and global metabolism. The bioenergetics of bone establishes the necessary energy balance to coordinate endocrine functions that are affected by various factors and is not limited to matrix proteins only. UCP1 is an uncoupling protein of adipocytes, commonly known for its unique feature of promoting thermogenesis, mainly in brown fat; however, the effects of UCP1 in other cell types remain unreported.

BMP11 regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes.

Bone morphogenetic protein-11 (BMP11), also known as growth differentiation factor-11 (GDF11), is implicated in skeletal development and joint morphogenesis in mammals. However, its functions in adipogenesis and energy homeostasis are mostly unknown. The present study investigates crucial roles of BMP11 in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes, using Bmp11 gene depletion and pharmacological inhibition of BMP11.

Trigonelline induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes.

Trigonelline, a major alkaloid component of fenugreek, has been demonstrated to have several biological activities, including antidiabetic and anticancer effects. This study aimed to examine the possible application of trigonelline as an anti-obesity compound based on an investigation of its enhancement of lipid catabolism and induction of browning in white adipocytes. Trigonelline induces browning of 3T3-L1 white adipocytes by enhancing the expressions of brown-fat signature proteins and genes as well as beige-specific genes, including Cd137, Cited1, Tbx1, and Tmem26.

Ketoprofen alleviates diet-induced obesity and promotes white fat browning in mice via the activation of COX-2 through mTORC1-p38 signaling pathway.

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) ketoprofen is commonly used as a pain reliever, but its role in mediating the energy metabolism in lipids is unclear. This paper reports for the first time the critical role of ketoprofen in ameliorating white fat browning and alleviating diet-induced obesity. The effects of ketoprofen were evaluated using C57BL/6 mice fed a high fat diet and the expression levels of the target genes and proteins in the lipid metabolisms were determined by quantitative real-time PCR, immunoblot analysis, histopathology study, immunofluorescence, and molecular docking techniques.

Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) regulates thermogenesis in white and brown adipocytes.

SPARC, also known as osteonectin, is well known for its physiological roles in bone formation and tissue remodeling, as well as in cancer pathology; however, evidence regarding its function in adipocytes is lacking. The present study explored the physiological role of SPARC in cultured 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes of murine cell lines. Treatment of recombinant SPARC upregulated the fat browning marker proteins and genes in white adipocytes and activated brown adipocytes.

Theobromine alleviates diet-induced obesity in mice via phosphodiesterase-4 inhibition.

Purpose: Modern science has given much attention to the treatment of obesity by activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) and browning of white adipose tissue (WAT). Recent studies have identified theobromine, a derivative of cocoa, as a potent natural component actively browning white fat cells. Here, we aimed to deduce the anti-obesity effect of theobromine involving phosphodiesterase (PDE) dependent-regulatory pathway in obese animal models.

-Cinnamic Acid Stimulates White Fat Browning and Activates Brown Adipocytes.

Recently, pharmacological activation of brown fat and induction of white fat browning (beiging) have been considered promising strategies to treat obesity. To search for natural products that could stimulate the process of browning in adipocytes, we evaluated the activity of -cinnamic acid (CA), a class of cinnamon from the bark of , by determining genetic expression using real time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and protein expression by immunoblot analysis for thermogenic and fat metabolizing markers. In our study CA induced brown like-phenotype in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes and activated HIB1B brown adipocytes.

Novel regulatory roles of carboxylesterase 3 in lipid metabolism and browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes.

The role of carboxylesterase 3 (Ces3) in the lipolysis of adipocytes has been overlooked, as 2 major lipolytic enzymes, hormone-sensitive lipase and adipose triglyceride lipase, play more powerful roles in lipolysis. In this study, we explored the effects of Ces3 in lipid metabolism by activating and inhibiting, as well as silencing, Ces3-encoding gene in 3T3-L1 cell model. Our results demonstrated that activation of Ces3 increased adipogenesis, and attenuated lipogenesis, whereas it promoted lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation.

Trans-anethole ameliorates obesity via induction of browning in white adipocytes and activation of brown adipocytes.

To treat obesity, suppression of white adipose tissue (WAT) expansion and activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT) are considered as potential therapeutic targets. Recent advances have been made in the induction of brown fat-like adipocytes (beige) in WAT, which represents an attractive potential strategy for the management and treatment of obesity. Use of natural compounds for browning of white adipocytes can be considered as a safe and novel strategy against obesity.

L-rhamnose induces browning in 3T3-L1 white adipocytes and activates HIB1B brown adipocytes.

Induction of the brown adipocyte-like phenotype in white adipocytes (browning) is considered as a novel strategy to fight obesity due to the ability of brown adipocytes to increase energy expenditure. Here, we report that L-rhamnose induced browning by elevating expression levels of beige-specific marker genes, including Cd137, Cited1, Tbx1, Prdm16, Tmem26, and Ucp1, in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Moreover, L-rhamnose markedly elevated expression levels of proteins involved in thermogenesis both in 3T3-L1 white and HIB1B brown adipocytes.