In Vitro and In Vivo Bone Regeneration Assessment of Titanium-Doped Waste Eggshell-Derived Hydroxyapatite in the Animal Model.

In this work, a titanium-doped hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold was produced from two different sources (natural eggshell and laboratory-grade reagents) to compare the efficacy of natural and synthetic resources of HAp materials on new bone regeneration. This comparative study also reports the effect of Ti doping on the physical, mechanical, and in vitro as well as in vivo biological properties of the HAp scaffold. Pellets were prepared in the conventional powder metallurgy route, compacted, and sintered at 900 °C, showing sufficient porosity for bony ingrowth.