Advancements in Targeting Macrophage Senescence for Age-Associated Conditions.

Macrophages, a critical subset of innate immune cells, play a pivotal role in cytokine production during disease progression, tissue injury, and pathogen invasion. Their intricate involvement in the manifestation of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with the aging process is widely acknowledged. Notably, in aged tissues, macrophages exhibit an altered phenotype characterized by an augmented synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, a profile intimately associated with a phenomenon known as inflammaging.

Advancements in Host-Based Interventions for Influenza Treatment.

Influenza is a major acute respiratory infection that causes mortality and morbidity worldwide. Two classes of conventional antivirals, M2 ion channel blockers and neuraminidase inhibitors, are mainstays in managing influenza disease to lessen symptoms while minimizing hospitalization and death in patients with severe influenza. However, the development of viral resistance to both drug classes has become a major public health concern.

Recognition of Double-Stranded RNA and Regulation of Interferon Pathway by Toll-Like Receptor 10.

Toll-like receptor (TLR)-10 remains an orphan receptor without well-characterized ligands or functions. Here, we reveal that TLR10 is predominantly localized to endosomes and binds dsRNA at endosomal pH, suggesting that dsRNA is a ligand of TLR10. Recognition of dsRNA by TLR10 activates recruitment of myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88 for signal transduction and suppression of interferon regulatory factor-7 dependent type I IFN production.

Whole transcriptome analysis reveals differential gene expression profile reflecting macrophage polarization in response to influenza A H5N1 virus infection.

Background: Avian influenza A H5N1 virus can cause lethal disease in humans. The virus can trigger severe pneumonia and lead to acute respiratory distress syndrome. Data from clinical, in vitro and in vivo suggest that virus-induced cytokine dysregulation could be a contributory factor to the pathogenesis of human H5N1 disease.

Targeting the host or the virus: current and novel concepts for antiviral approaches against influenza virus infection.

Influenza epidemics and pandemics are constant threats to human health. The application of antiviral drugs provides an immediate and direct control of influenza virus infection. At present, the major strategy for managing patients with influenza is through targeting conserved viral proteins critical for viral replication.