Autoreactive T cells target peripheral nerves in Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare heterogenous disorder of the peripheral nervous system, which is usually triggered by a preceding infection, and causes a potentially life-threatening progressive muscle weakness. Although GBS is considered an autoimmune disease, the mechanisms that underlie its distinct clinical subtypes remain largely unknown. Here, by combining in vitro T cell screening, single-cell RNA sequencing and T cell receptor (TCR) sequencing, we identify autoreactive memory CD4 cells, that show a cytotoxic T helper 1 (T1)-like phenotype, and rare CD8 T cells that target myelin antigens of the peripheral nerves in patients with the demyelinating disease variant.

Effect of early postnatal supplementation of newborns with probiotic strain O83:K24:H31 on allergy incidence, dendritic cells, and microbiota.

Introduction: Probiotic administration seems to be a rational approach to promote maturation of the neonatal immune system. Mutual interaction of the microbiota with the host immune system is critical for the setting of appropriate immune responses including a tolerogenic one and thevmaintenance of homeostasis. On the other hand, our knowledge on the modes of actions of probiotics is still scarce.

The Impact of Probiotic Strain O83:K24:H31 on the Maturation of Dendritic Cells and Immunoregulatory Functions In Vitro and In Vivo.

Early postnatal events are important for the development of the neonatal immune system. Harboring the pioneering microorganisms forming the microbiota of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract is important for priming the immune system, as well as inducing appropriate tolerance to the relatively innocuous environmental antigens and compounds of normal healthy microbiota. Early postnatal supplementation of suitable, safe probiotics could accelerate this process.

Inhibition of Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines by Metabolites of Streptomycetes-A Potential Alternative to Current Anti-Inflammatory Drugs?

Current treatment of chronic diseases includes, among others, application of cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, cellular therapies, and immunostimulants. As all the underlying mechanisms of a particular diseases are not always fully clarified, treatment can be inefficient and associated with various, sometimes serious, side effects. Small secondary metabolites produced by various microbes represent an attractive alternative as future anti-inflammatory drug leads.

The peripheral immune response of mice infected with a neuropathogenic schistosome.

Trichobilharzia regenti (Schistosomatidae) percutaneously infects birds and mammals and invades their central nervous system (CNS). Here, we characterized the peripheral immune response of infected mice and showed how it was influenced by the parasite-induced inflammation in the skin and the CNS. As revealed by flow cytometry, T cells expanded in the spleen and the CNS-draining lymph nodes 7-14 days post-infection.

Evaluation of the Immunogenicity of a Vascular Graft Covered with Collagen Derived from the European Carp () and Bovine Collagen.

Aim: To assess the systemic and local immunological response to subcutaneous implants of a vascular graft covered with collagen extracted from the European carp (freshwater fish) or with collagen of bovine origin.

Methods: Pieces of a vascular graft covered by pure bovine (Bos taurus, BOV, n=14) or carp (Cyprinus carpio, CYP, n=14) collagen 5 mm in size were implanted subcutaneously in the dorsum of a Balb/cOla mice. A sham operation group of 12 animals served as the control.

Decreased allergy incidence in children supplemented with E. coli O83:K24:H31 and its possible modes of action.

The growing knowledge of the key role of microbiota in the maturation of neonatal immune system suggests that manipulation of microbiota could be exploited in hampering allergy development. In this study, Escherichia coli O83:K24:H31 (EcO83) was administered to newborns that were followed prospectively. Several immunological characteristics (cytokines, specific IgE, total T regulatory cells (Treg) and subpopulation of natural Treg (nTreg) and induced Treg (iTreg)) were tested in peripheral blood of 8-year-old children.

Different capacity of in vitro generated myeloid dendritic cells of newborns of healthy and allergic mothers to respond to probiotic strain E. coli O83:K24:H31.

Allergic diseases belong to one of the most common diseases with steadily increasing incidence even among young children. There is an urgent need to identify a prognostic marker pointing to increased risk of allergy development enabling early preventive measures introduction. It has been shown that administration of selected probiotic strains or mixtures could prevent allergy development.