Hearing loss in newborn infants with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy: protocol for a case-control study.

Introduction: Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy (HIE), a condition where the brain does not receive enough oxygen and/or blood flow around the time of birth, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Systemic circulation may be affected due to poor myocardial function. The cochlear hair cells are vulnerable to changes in microcirculation, which may occur in HIE predisposing to hearing loss.

Echocardiographic markers at diagnosis of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn.

Objectives: Clinical parameters along with echocardiographic markers are used to interrogate the haemodynamics in persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN). The aim of this study was to compare different echocardiographic markers in recent cohort of newborn infants with and without PPHN.

Methods: In this retrospective study, common echocardiographic markers were examined in infants>34 weeks' gestation with PPHN (cases) and without PPHN (controls).

Variation between Clinician-Recorded and Downloaded Invasive Blood Pressure in Extremely Preterm Infants.

Objective: This study aimed to examine the variation between clinician-recorded and continuously downloaded invasive blood pressure (BP).

Study Design: Prospective study where invasive BP data were downloaded every 10 seconds for the first week of life. Hourly clinician-recorded BP was recorded.

Possible In Utero Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and Severe Respiratory Disease in a Preterm Infant.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infections are uncommon in newborn infants. This report describes possible in utero transmission of the B.1.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in an extremely preterm infant.

We present a case of an extreme preterm infant (Baby X) born at 24-week gestation. The echocardiogram showed evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and a patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). There are a number of well-known causes of neonatal HCM including genetic, metabolic and endocrine.

Common carotid artery blood flow volume in extremely preterm infants.

Aim: The aim of this study was to determine carotid blood flow volume, a surrogate for cerebral blood flow, using Doppler ultrasound in extremely preterm infants.

Methods: In infants <29 weeks, right common carotid artery flow volume (RCCAF) was calculated from vessel diameter and intensity-weighted mean velocity measured using Doppler ultrasound on days 1 and 3. In addition, left ventricular output (LVO), ductus arteriosus characteristics and invasive mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) were obtained.

A realistic flow phantom model of the carotid artery in preterm infants for training and research.

Introduction: Cerebral blood flow is increasingly monitored in preterm infants. Doppler ultrasound of the carotid artery is a widely available method but is operator dependent. Our aim was to design and produce a realistic flow phantom model of the carotid artery of preterm infants.

Comparison of Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Diameter Measurements Using Echocardiography in Newborn Infants.

Objective: This study aimed to compare left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) diameter measurements using two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography at the sino-tubular junction (STJ) and at the aortic valve (AV) hinges in newborn infants.

Study Design: This is a retrospective study in a tertiary neonatal unit where infants underwent echocardiography for evaluation of murmur or as part of cardiovascular assessment. Three consecutive cardiac cycles were chosen to measure the LVOT diameter in end systole at the STJ and at the AV hinges.

Weight-Based Guide Overestimates Endotracheal Tube Tip Position in Extremely Preterm Infants.

Objective: To evaluate the association between endotracheal tube (ETT) tip position and adverse pulmonary outcomes using chest X-ray (CXR) in extremely preterm infants in whom ETT insertion length was estimated using weight + 6 guide (adding 6 cms to the infant's weight in kg).

Study Design: CXRs of 85 infants performed in the first week were reviewed for right-sided atelectasis, air leaks, and uneven lung inflation. The first CXR was later reviewed to document the ETT tip.

Blood pressure intervention levels in preterm infants: pilot randomised trial.

Objective: To examine the feasibility of a trial allocating different blood pressure (BP) intervention levels for treatment in extremely preterm infants.

Design: Three-arm open randomised controlled trial performed between February 2013 and April 2015.

Setting: Single tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit.

Early echocardiography does not predict subsequent treatment of symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus in extremely preterm infants.

Aim: To determine whether early echocardiographic ductal parameters identified infants who subsequently received medical or surgical treatment of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA).

Methods: Infants <29 weeks had PDA size in 2D and colour, flow velocity and patterns obtained on days 1 and 3. Infants were followed up to identify those subsequently receiving treatment for symptomatic PDA by clinicians who were unaware of scan results.

Investigation of EEG Activity Compared with Mean Arterial Blood Pressure in Extremely Preterm Infants.

Background: Cerebral electrical activity in extremely preterm infants is affected by various factors including blood gas and circulatory parameters.

Objective: To investigate whether continuously measured invasive mean arterial blood pressure (BP) is associated with electroencephalographic (EEG) discontinuity in extremely preterm infants.

Study Design: This prospective observational study examined 51 newborn infants born <29 weeks gestation in the first 3 days after birth.

Genital bleeding.

A 5-year-old girl of Ghanaian origin presented to the accident and emergency department with genital bleeding of sudden onset in the previous 12 h. A diagnosis of urethral prolapse was made. The congestion and bleeding settled with a daily sitz bath and topical oestrogen cream for 4 weeks, while the prolapse was referred to urologists.