A Randomized Control Study to Assess the Efficacy of Intrathecal Morphine in Patients on Patient-Controlled Analgesia Pump With Morphine for Postoperative Pain Relief After Elective Laparotomy.

Introduction Laparotomy is associated with significant prolonged postoperative pain, which can cause an adverse neuroendocrine stress response. Intrathecal morphine (ITM) retains an important place in pain management after major laparotomy since it is easier to administer and has a relatively lesser possibility of failure and technical difficulty. Aim The study aims to compare the effect of the administration of ITM with intravenous (IV) morphine administered by a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) pump on postoperative analgesia after elective laparotomy.