The differential expression patterns of Atg9a and Atg9b in cells of the reproductive organs.

Objective: Autophagy is a major intracellular catabolic pathway governed by the sequential actions of proteins encoded by autophagy-related genes (Atg). ATG9, the only transmembrane protein involved in this process, regulates phospholipid translocation to autophagosomes during the early phases of autophagy. In mammals, two Atg9 isoforms have been reported: Atg9a and Atg9b.

Complete genome sequence of tulip virus X, a Korean isolate from .

In this study, the presence of tulip virus X (TVX) in Korean tulips was confirmed through high-throughput RNA sequencing. Its complete genome sequence of 6,056 nucleotides was determined via Sanger sequencing, exhibiting a 99.24% nucleotide identity with TVX-J isolate.

Effects of Chronic Diseases on All-Cause Mortality in People with Mental Illness: A Retrospective Cohort Study Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening.

The aim of this study was to compare mortality and the prevalence of chronic diseases between people with mental illness and the general population, and to explore which chronic diseases increase the risk of all-cause mortality, especially in people with mental illness. This study assessed data from the 2002-2019 Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening sample cohort. Results revealed that all-cause mortality was higher in people with mental illness compared to people without mental illness (11.

Learning goal orientation and promotive voice: A moderated mediation model.

Drawing on the broaden-and-build theory and trait-activation theory, this study investigates the mediating effect of thriving at work on the relationship between learning goal orientation (LGO) and promotive voice behavior, as well as the moderating effect of intrinsic career growth (ICG) on the relationship between employees' LGO and thriving at work. Using the two-wave design with a 4-month time lag involving 279 employees, the results demonstrate that employees' LGO is positively associated with promotive voice behavior by thriving at work. Furthermore, ICG moderates the relationship between LGO and thriving at work.

The first national scale evaluation of total nitrogen stocks and burial rates of intertidal sediments along the entire coast of South Korea.

The regulating ecosystem services, such as water purification, that tidal flats provide by nitrogen (N) burial are being increasingly recognized; yet, quantitative estimates remain limited. Here, we first present nationwide evaluation of total N stocks and burial rates in the Korean tidal flats, based on a 3 year long monitoring assessment combined with remote sensing approach. A total of 20 intertidal flats representing 7 provinces of South Korea were extensively surveyed in 2018-20.

The first national scale evaluation of organic carbon stocks and sequestration rates of coastal sediments along the West Sea, South Sea, and East Sea of South Korea.

Blue carbon science requires the estimates of organic carbon stock and sequestration rate; however, holistic data analysis remains limited in South Korea. The present study reports current organic carbon stocks and sequestration rates in the coastal areas of West Sea, South Sea, and East Sea of South Korea, encompassing entire intertidal areas using long-term field survey combined with remote sensing technology. Twenty-one intertidal flats were targeted across seven provinces (Gyeonggi, Chungnam, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Gangwon).

Novel β-phenylacrylic acid derivatives exert anti-cancer activity by inducing Src-mediated apoptosis in wild-type KRAS colon cancer.

Many stress conditions including chemotherapy treatment is known to activate Src and under certain condition Src can induce the apoptotic signal via c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Here we report that the newly synthesized β-phenylacrylic acid derivatives, MHY791 and MHY1036 (MHYs), bind to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase domains and function as EGFR inhibitors, having anti-cancer activities selectively in wild-type KRAS colon cancer. Mechanistically, MHYs-induced Src/JNK activation which enhanced their pro-apoptotic effects and therefore inhibition of Src by the chemical inhibitor PP2 or Src siRNA abolished the response.

2-(3, 4-dihydroxybenzylidene)malononitrile as a novel anti-melanogenic compound.

Tyrosinase is a key player in ultraviolet-induced melanogenesis. Because excessive melanin accumulation in the skin can induce hyperpigmentation, the development of tyrosinase inhibitors has attracted attention in cosmetic-related fields. However, side effects including toxicity and low selectivity have limited the use of many tyrosinase inhibitors in cosmetics.

PPARα activation by MHY908 attenuates age-related renal inflammation through modulation of the ROS/Akt/FoxO1 pathway.

2-[4-(5-Chlorobenzothiazothiazol-2-yl)phenoxy]-2-methyl-propionic acid (MHY908) has been shown to prevent insulin resistance-induced hyperinsulinemia in aged rats. However, the mechanism underlying MHY908-mediated amelioration of renal inflammation with insulin resistance during aging remains unknown. This study investigated the effects of MHY908 on age-related changes in the IRS/Akt/forkhead box (FoxO) 1 signaling pathway in the kidneys of aged rats and HEK293T cells.

(Z)-5-(2,4-Dihydroxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione Prevents UVB-Induced Melanogenesis and Wrinkle Formation through Suppressing Oxidative Stress in HRM-2 Hairless Mice.

Background. Uncontrolled melanogenesis and wrinkle formation are an indication of photoaging. Our previous studies demonstrated that (Z)-5-(2,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)thiazolidine-2,4-dione (MHY498) inhibited tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in vitro.

Tyrosinase inhibitors: a patent review (2011-2015).

Introduction: Tyrosinase is responsible for melanin production. The overproduction of melanin causes many skin disorders. The inhibition of tyrosinase activity would appear to be the most rational and explicit way of overcoming these issues.

(E)-2-Cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamide analogs as potent inhibitors of tyrosinase: A linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold.

In this study, we synthesized (E)-2-cyano-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylamide (CPA) derivatives which possess a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold and examined their inhibitory activities against tyrosinase. CPA analogs exerted inhibitory activity against mushroom tyrosinase. Results from the docking simulation indicated that CPA2 could bind directly to the active site of mushroom tyrosinase and the binding affinity of CPA2 for tyrosinase might be higher than that of kojic acid, a well-known potent tyrosinase inhibitor.

Design, synthesis, and anti-melanogenic effects of (E)-2-benzoyl-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylonitriles.

Background: Tyrosinase is the most prominent target for inhibitors of hyperpigmentation because it plays a critical role in melaninogenesis. Although many tyrosinase inhibitors have been identified, from both natural and synthetic sources, there remains a considerable demand for novel tyrosinase inhibitors that are safer and more effective.

Methods: (E)-2-Benzoyl-3-(substituted phenyl)acrylonitriles (BPA analogs) with a linear β-phenyl-α,β-unsaturated carbonyl scaffold were designed and synthesized as potential tyrosinase inhibitors.

A Novel Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor (PPAR)γ Agonist 2-Hydroxyethyl 5-chloro-4,5-didehydrojasmonate Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Effects in Colitis.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with increasing incidence and prevalence worldwide. Here we investigated the newly synthesized jasmonate analogue 2-hydroxyethyl 5-chloro-4,5-didehydrojasmonate (J11-Cl) for its anti-inflammatory effects on intestinal inflammation. First, to test whether J11-Cl can activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), we performed docking simulations because J11-Cl has a structural similarity with anti-inflammatory 15-deoxy-Δ(12,14)-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), one of the endogenous ligands of PPARγ.

(Z)-2-(Benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylamino)-5-(substituted benzylidene)thiazol-4(5H)-one Derivatives as Novel Tyrosinase Inhibitors.

Inhibiting tyrosinase is an important goal to prevent melanin accumulation in skin and thereby to inhibit pigmentation disorders. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors are an attractive target in cosmetics and treatments for pigmentation disorders. However, only a few tyrosinase inhibitors are currently available because of their toxic effects to skin or lack of selectivity and stability.

Inhibition of melanogenesis by 2-[4-(5-chlorobenzo[d]thiazol-2-yl)phenoxy]-2-methylpropanoic acid (MHY908).

Tyrosinase inhibitors might have potential use in cosmetic and medicinal products for the prevention of pigmentation disorders. However, only a few inhibitors are currently used due to their cytotoxicity, and lack of selectivity and stability. In this study, we synthesized several tyrosinase inhibitors and investigated their activity.