3D bioprinted tumor model: a prompt and convenient platform for overcoming immunotherapy resistance by recapitulating the tumor microenvironment.

Background: Cancer immunotherapy is receiving worldwide attention for its induction of an anti-tumor response. However, it has had limited efficacy in some patients who acquired resistance. The dynamic and sophisticated complexity of the tumor microenvironment (TME) is the leading contributor to this clinical dilemma.

Blocking lncRNA-SNHG16 sensitizes gastric cancer cells to 5-Fu through targeting the miR-506-3p-PTBP1-mediated glucose metabolism.

Background: Gastric cancer (GC) is a commonly occurring human malignancy. The 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is a first-line anti-gastric cancer agent. However, a large number of GC patients developed 5-Fu resistance.

Targeting EGFR sensitizes 5-Fu-resistant colon cancer cells through modification of the lncRNA-FGD5-AS1-miR-330-3p-Hexokinase 2 axis.

5-Fluorouracil (5-Fu) is a widely applied anti-cancer agent against colorectal cancer (CRC), yet a number of CRC patients have developed resistance to 5-Fu-based chemotherapy. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is recognized as an oncogene that promotes diverse cancer progresses. In addition, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are essential regulators of cancers.

Intratumorally CpG immunotherapy with carbon nanotubes inhibits local tumor growth and liver metastasis by suppressing the epithelial-mesenchymal transition of colon cancer cells.

Colon cancer liver metastasis accounts for the major cause of death of colon cancer patients. Previous study reported a carbon nanotubes (CNT)-conjugated CpG complex (CNT-CpG), which displayed a significant antitumor effect in gliomas. However, whether CNT-CpG could limit colon tumor growth and suppress the colon cancer liver metastasis has not been evaluated.

CagA Protein Attenuates 5-Fu Sensitivity of Gastric Cancer Cells Through Upregulating Cellular Glucose Metabolism.

Introduction: Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most malignancies leading to human mortality due to its development, progress, metastasis and poor prognosis, despite the development of remarkable chemotherapy and surgery. The 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) is an effective anti-gastric cancer agent. However, a fraction of GC patients acquire 5-Fu chemoresistance.

Validation of reference genes for the normalization of RT-qPCR expression studies in human tongue carcinoma cell lines and tissue.

Reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) has become a frequently used strategy in gene expression studies. The relative quantification method is an important and commonly used method for the evaluation of RT-qPCR data. The key aim of this method is to identify an applicable internal reference gene.

Size-selective separation and overall-amplification of cell-free fetal DNA fragments using PCR-based enrichment.

This study aimed to establish a method for the selective amplification of cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) in maternal plasma and preserve the integrity of DNA fragments during amplification, thereby providing a sufficient amount of cffDNA to meet the requirement of routine non-invasive prenatal testing. We amplified DNA molecules in a one-reaction system without considering their particular sequences and lengths (overall amplification) by using PCR-based enrichment. We then modified PCR conditions to verify the effect of denaturation temperature on DNA amplification on various lengths of DNA (selective overall amplification).

Validation of internal reference genes for relative quantitation studies of gene expression in human laryngeal cancer.

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the expression stabilities of 12 common internal reference genes for the relative quantitation analysis of target gene expression performed by reverse transcription real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in human laryngeal cancer.

Methods: Hep-2 cells and 14 laryngeal cancer tissue samples were investigated. The expression characteristics of 12 internal reference gene candidates (18S rRNA, GAPDH, ACTB, HPRT1, RPL29, HMBS, PPIA, ALAS1, TBP, PUM1, GUSB, and B2M) were assessed by RT-qPCR.

Overexpression of miR-203 sensitizes paclitaxel (Taxol)-resistant colorectal cancer cells through targeting the salt-inducible kinase 2 (SIK2).

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short non-coding RNAs that regulate gene expression through the endogenous RNA interference machinery. Treatments with combination of chemotherapy with surgery are essential for advanced-stage colorectal cancer. However, the development of chemoresistance is a major obstacle for clinical application of anticancer drugs.

Curcumin exerts anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties in 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion (MPP(+))-stimulated mesencephalic astrocytes by interference with TLR4 and downstream signaling pathway.

Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson's disease (PD). Recent evidence indicates that astrocytes also play pro-inflammatory roles in the central nervous system (CNS) by activation with toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands. Therefore, targeting anti-inflammation may provide a promising therapeutic strategy for PD.

Re-sensitization of radiation resistant colorectal cancer cells to radiation through inhibition of AMPK pathway.

Radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used to treat multi-tumors to attenuate the risk of recurrence. Despite impressive initial clinical responses, a large proportion of patients experience resistance to RT. Therefore, identification of functionally relevant biomarkers would be beneficial for radioresistant patients.

Overexpression of ErbB2 renders breast cancer cells susceptible to 3-BrPA through the increased dissociation of hexokinase II from mitochondrial outer membrane.

ErbB2 is known to upregulate glycolysis in breast cancer, however, the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, ErbB2 upregulated Hexokinase II (HK II) activity by increasing the binding of HK II to the mitochondrial outer membrane. Dysregulated glucose metabolism in high ErbB2-expressing breast cancer cells induces susceptibility to glucose starvation and glycolysis inhibition.

Evaluation of suitable control genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis of maternal plasma cell-free DNA.

The content stability of commonly used control genes is considered to vary significantly in different independent experimental systems, either in the expression of RNA expression or in the level of DNA content. The present study aimed to examine a panel of six common control genes, including β‑globin (HBB), telomerase (TERT), glyceraldehyde‑3‑phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), albumin (ALB), β‑actin (ACTB) and T cell receptor γ (TRG), in order to evaluate and validate the most reliable control genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in investigations for the analysis of fetal‑derived DNA and maternal‑derived DNA in maternal plasma to enable non‑invasive prenatal assessment. Plasma DNA was extracted from the peripheral blood of 20 pregnant femals (gestational age, 18.

Insulin inhibits Abeta production through modulation of APP processing in a cellular model of Alzheimer's disease.

Objective: Amyloid-beta (Abeta) is a 36-43 amino acid peptide that is derived by processing of the beta-amyloid precursor protein (APP). Abeta plays a central role in the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Although growing evidence suggests that insulin has important functions in Abeta metabolism, the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.

Elevated levels of serum S100B is associated with the presence and outcome of haemorrhagic shock.

Background: Serum S100B was suggested to be elevated after brain damage in previous studies. Nowadays, increasing evidence has revealed S100B was also elevated in other tissue traumas outside the brain such as bone fracture and acute coronary syndrome. The aim of this study is to investigate whether the level of serum S100B is associated with haemorrhagic shock (HS), as well as multiple organ failure (MOF) and mortality in patients with HS.