Facile Antibody Immobilization on a Redox-Active Thionine-Functionalized Carbon Nanofiber Surface for Rapid Electrochemical Immunosensing of a Bioengineered Malaria Protein Biomarker.

Antibodies that target the histidine-rich protein-II biomarker (HRP-II) are being used in rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) of malaria. HRP-II levels associated with severe malaria are typically greater than 100 ng mL. Unfortunately, genetic variations within the HRP-II gene can reduce the reliability of these RDTs by affecting both sensitivity and specificity.