Using discrete event simulation to design a more efficient hospital pharmacy for outpatients.

We present the findings of a discrete event simulation study of the hospital pharmacy outpatient dispensing systems at two London hospitals. Having created a model and established its face validity, we tested scenarios to estimate the likely impact of changes in prescription workload, staffing levels and skill-mix, and utilisation of the dispensaries' automatic dispensing robots. The scenarios were compared in terms of mean prescription turnaround times and percentage of prescriptions completed within 45 min.

Expression and function of Toll-like receptors in human endometrial epithelial cell lines.

In mammals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the principal family of innate immune pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The main function for TLRs is the detection of molecular patterns associated with invading pathogens. We investigated TLR expression and function in three established human endometrial epithelial cell lines, including hTERT-EEC, HEC-1B and Ishikawa cells, and clarified the application of these endometrial cell lines as in vitro models for studying TLR expression and function in the female reproductive tract.

Neonatal transitional care.

Challenging times lay ahead for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants and their families after hospital discharge. Ongoing medical concerns, respiratory complications, breastfeeding and feeding problems, inadequate growth and delayed development are frequently encountered by this vulnerable population. Families are burdened by the worry and work of caring for their VLBW infants at home.