Enough is enough: Alcohol-related occupational violence and aggression in emergency departments in Australia and New Zealand.

Objective: To determine the extent of alcohol-related violence in EDs throughout Australia and New Zealand and the impact this has had on ED staff.

Methods: A mixed methods, cross-sectional, online survey of ED staff working in Australia and New Zealand conducted between 1 August and 11 September 2022 measuring the frequency of physical or verbal alcohol-related aggression from patients and their relatives/carers; changes to the frequency of alcohol-related occupational violence over the preceding 5 years; the impact of COVID-19 on these presentations; and the perceived impact on ED function and staff well-being.

Results: A total of 1284 ED staff responded, with almost all (97.

SNP allele frequency estimation in DNA pools and variance components analysis.

The estimation of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele frequency in pooled DNA samples has been proposed as a cost-effective approach to whole genome association studies. However, the key issue is the allele frequency window in which a genotyping method operates and provides a statistically reliable answer. We assessed the homogeneous mass extend assay and estimated the variance associated with each experimental stage.