Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors.

analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG.

Isolectin B4 (IB4)-conjugated streptavidin for the selective knockdown of proteins in IB4-positive (+) nociceptors.

analysis of protein function in nociceptor subpopulations using antisense oligonucleotides and short interfering RNAs is limited by their non-selective cellular uptake. To address the need for selective transfection methods, we covalently linked isolectin B4 (IB4) to streptavidin and analyzed whether it could be used to study protein function in IB4(+)-nociceptors. Rats treated intrathecally with IB4-conjugated streptavidin complexed with biotinylated antisense oligonucleotides for protein kinase C epsilon (PKCε) mRNA were found to have: (a) less PKCε in dorsal root ganglia (DRG), (b) reduced PKCε expression in IB4(+) but not IB4(-) DRG neurons, and (c) fewer transcripts of the PKCε gene in the DRG.

Perturbations in common and distinct inflammatory pathways associated with morning and evening fatigue in outpatients receiving chemotherapy.

Background: Moderate to severe fatigue occurs in up to 94% of patients with cancer. Recent evidence suggests that morning and evening fatigue are distinct dimensions of physical fatigue. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the transcriptome for common and distinct perturbed inflammatory pathways in patients receiving chemotherapy who reported low versus high levels of morning or low versus high levels of evening cancer-related fatigue.

Ibrexafungerp: A new triterpenoid antifungal.

Purpose: The pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy, safety, and role of ibrexafungerp in the treatment of fungal infections are reviewed.

Summary: Ibrexafungerp is the first triterpenoid antifungal. Similarly to echinocandins, it inhibits the synthesis of 1,3-β-d-glucan.

PreHevbrio: A New 3-Antigen Hepatitis B Vaccine for Adults.

Objective: The main objective of this article is to review the immunogenicity and safety of the 3-antigen recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (3A-HepB) in adults.

Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2000 to June 2022) with the search terms hepatitis B vaccine and 3-antigen. Other resources included the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, conference abstracts of liver meetings, the prescribing information, and the manufacturer's website.

Circulating microRNAs associated with prediabetes and geographic location in Latinos.

Background: Globally, type 2 diabetes is highly prevalent in individuals of Latino ancestry. The reasons underlying this high prevalence are not well understood, but both genetic and lifestyle factors are contributors. Circulating microRNAs are readily detectable in blood and are promising biomarkers to characterize biological responses (i.

Mentorship in Interventional Radiology: Addressing Obstacles to Pursuing Research and Innovation Among IR Trainees.

Rationale And Objectives: To ascertain the perceived obstacles that medical students and Interventional Radiology (IR) residents face performing IR research during training and incorporating research into their future careers.

Materials And Methods: The study was reviewed and exempt from Institutional Review Board review. Participants' attitudes and perceived barriers toward performing IR research, and experience with mentorship in IR were assessed using a 27-item survey sent to all members of the Society of Interventional Radiology Resident, Fellow and Student (SIR-RFS, n = 445), and Medical Student Council (SIR-MSC, n = 267) sections between July and September 2020.

Lefamulin: The First Systemic Pleuromutilin Antibiotic.

Objective: To review the pharmacology, microbiology, efficacy, and safety of lefamulin.

Data Sources: A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2010 to end-April 2020) with the search terms and . Other resources included abstracts presented at recent conferences, prescribing information, and the manufacturer's and Food and Drug Administration websites.

Omadacycline: A New Tetracycline Antibiotic.

Objective: To review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, dosage, and administration of omadacycline, a new tetracycline antibiotic.

Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed, Google Scholar, and clinicaltrials.gov was conducted (2008 to October 2018) using the search terms omadacycline and PTK-0796.

Ping-Pong Tunneling Reactions: Can Fluoride Jump at Absolute Zero?

In a recent study, Scheiner designed a double-germanium-based fluoride receptor that binds the halogen by means of strong tetrel bonds (Chem. Eur. J.

Shingrix: The New Adjuvanted Recombinant Herpes Zoster Vaccine.

Objectives: To review the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of the herpes zoster subunit vaccine (HZ/su) for use in adult patients for the prevention of shingles.

Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed was conducted (June 2008 to October 2017) using the terms shingles vaccine and varicella zoster virus. References from retrieved articles and the prescribing information were also reviewed for any additional material.

Sofosbuvir/Velpatasvir: The First Pangenotypic Direct-Acting Antiviral Combination for Hepatitis C.

Objectives: To review the pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir in the treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection.

Data Sources: A literature search through PubMed was conducted (June 2008 to August 2016) using the terms GS-5816, velpatasvir, and sofosbuvir. References from retrieved articles and the prescribing information were reviewed for any additional material.

Tedizolid: A New Oxazolidinone Antibiotic for Skin and Soft Tissue Infections.

Objective: To review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, dosing, and administration of tedizolid phosphate (TDZ).

Data Sources: A search of PubMed using the terms "tedizolid," "torezolid," "TR-701," "TR-700," "DA-7157," and "DA-7218" was performed. The manufacturer's Web site was also reviewed to further identify relevant information.

Ceftolozane/Tazobactam: A New Cephalosporin and β-Lactamase Inhibitor Combination.

Objective: To review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, dosage, and administration of ceftolozane/tazobactam, a new antipseudomonal cephalosporin combined with a well-established β-lactamase inhibitor.

Data Sources: A literature search through clinicaltrials.gov and PubMed was conducted (January 2007-May 2015) using the search terms ceftolozane, ceftolozane/tazobactam, FR264205, CXA-101/tazobactam, and CXA-201.

Fidaxomicin: a novel macrolide antibiotic for Clostridium difficile infection.

Objective: To review the chemistry, pharmacology, microbiology, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, tolerability, drug interactions, dosing, and administration of fidaxomicin (FDX).

Data Sources: A search of PubMed using the terms "fidaxomicin," "OPT-80," "PAR-101," "OP-1118," "difimicin," "tiacumicin," and "lipiarmycin" was performed. All English-language articles from 1983 to November 2013 were reviewed for relevance.

Prevnar 13, the new 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine.

Objective: To review the immunogenicity, efficacy, and safety of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) for use in pediatric patients.

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (2000-September 2011) was conducted using the key words Streptococcus pneumoniae and pneumococcal conjugate vaccine for clinical trials, limited to studies conducted in humans and published in English.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: Randomized, controlled, multicenter trials were reviewed and included to evaluate the safety and efficacy of PCV13.

Echinocandins: the newest class of antifungals.

Objective: To review the mechanism of action, antifungal spectrum of activity, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, and safety of the echinocandins.

Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1982-May 2009) was conducted for articles published in the English language using the key words caspofungin, micafungin, anidulafungin, and echinocandins.

Study Selection And Data Extraction: Medicinal chemistry, in vitro, and animal studies, as well as human trials were reviewed for information on the pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of each echinocandin.

Viral regulation of the long distance axonal transport of herpes simplex virus nucleocapsid.

Many membranous organelles and protein complexes are normally transported anterograde within axons to the presynaptic terminal, and details of the motors, adaptors and cargoes have received significant attention. Much less is known about the transport in neurons of non-membrane bound particles, such as mRNAs and their associated proteins. We propose that herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV) can be used to study the detailed mechanisms regulating long distance transport of particles in axons.

AsialoGM1 and TLR5 cooperate in flagellin-induced nucleotide signaling to activate Erk1/2.

Bacterial flagellin can interact with both Toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) and the cell surface glycolipid, asialoGM1, to activate an innate immune response. The induction of mucin by flagellin in human lung epithelial cells (NCIH292) is dependent on asialoGM1 ligation, ATP receptor signaling, Ca2+ mobilization, and Erk1/2 activation. Conversely, the activation of NF-kappaB by flagellin is dependent on signaling through TLR5.

Adenosine up-regulation of the mucin gene, MUC2, in asthma.

Mucus hypersecretion is a hallmark of asthma that contributes to airway obstruction. While the etiology is not well understood, hypersecretion has been linked to the presence of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, and IL-13 in the inflamed airway. The presence of adenosine has also been noted in asthmatic airways, and adenosine-mediated signaling in mast cells has been implicated in the severe bronchoconstriction and inflammation prevalent in these patients (1, 2).

Tobacco smoke control of mucin production in lung cells requires oxygen radicals AP-1 and JNK.

In smokers' lungs, excessive mucus clogs small airways, impairing respiration and promoting recurrent infection. A breakthrough in understanding this pathology was the realization that smoke could directly stimulate mucin synthesis in lung epithelial cells and that this phenomenon was dependent on the cell surface receptor for epidermal growth factor, EGFR. Distal steps in the smoke-triggered pathway have not yet been determined.

Fungal galectins, sequence and specificity of two isolectins from Coprinus cinereus.

Galectins are members of a genetically related family of beta-galactoside-binding lectins. At least eight distinct mammalian galectins have been identified. More distantly related, but still conserving amino acid residues critical for carbohydrate-binding, are galectins in chicken, eel, frog, nematode, and sponge.