Thoracic SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumour: Diagnostic challenges and potential for misdiagnosis in small tissue samples.

We report a diagnostically challenging case of a SMARCA4-deficient undifferentiated tumour to emphasize its potential to mimic other malignant tumours on histology, especially in small biopsies and where rhabdoid morphology is lacking. A 48-year-old man, who was known for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and polysubstance use, presented with dyspnoea and an anterior mediastinal mass that had grown rapidly over a seven-month period. The rapid growth and location in the anterior mediastinum raised clinical suspicion for lymphoma or a germ cell tumour.

A rare case of small-cell neuroendocrine tumour of the lung metastasising to the urinary bladder.

Unlabelled: A 77-year-old woman with suspected lung carcinoma had multiple bladder masses and lymphadenopathy outside the normal urinary bladder drainage area. Fine needle aspiration and immunocytochemistry of the cervical lymph node complex and transurethral biopsy of the bladder masses confirmed metastatic small-cell neuroendocrine carcinoma.

Contribution: Clinical correlation, imaging findings, tumour markers and immunohistochemistry are necessary for metastatic bladder tumour work-up.

The silent pandemic in South Africa: Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis from head to heel.

Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB), caused by , is the leading cause of communicable disease-related deaths in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) worldwide and in South Africa. disseminates haematogenously from an active primary lung focus and may affect extra-pulmonary sites in up to 15% of patients. Extra-pulmonary TB may present with a normal chest radiograph, which often causes a significant diagnostic dilemma.

Accuracy of colonic mucosal patterns at contrast enema for diagnosis of Hirschsprung disease.

Background: Various patterns of colonic mucosal irregularity have been recorded on contrast enema, each with individually very low sensitivity, but high specificity.

Objective: To assess the accuracy of the radiologic features of Hirschsprung disease utilising a unifying stratification of any form of colonic mucosal irregularity on contrast enema.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of children with suspected Hirschsprung disease managed at a tertiary South African hospital from January 2009 through April 2015.