A Fluorescent Probe Differentiates Apoptosis from Cysteine-Deprivation Ferroptosis through Imaging of Viscosity and Lipid Droplets.

Since death is an inevitable phenomenon, exploring cell deaths holds importance. During this process, the cellular microenvironment within cells such as pH, polarity, viscosity etc alter. One such microenvironment, viscosity elevates during different cell deaths.

G6PD deficiency mediated impairment of iNOS and lysosomal acidification affecting phagocytotic clearance in microglia in response to SARS-CoV-2.

The glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency is X-linked and is the most common enzymatic deficiency disorder globally. It is a crucial enzyme for the pentose phosphate pathway and produces NADPH, which plays a vital role in regulating the oxidative stress of many cell types. The deficiency of G6PD primarily causes hemolytic anemia under oxidative stress triggered by food, drugs, or infection.

Unique Synthetic Strategy for Probing in Situ Lysosomal NO for Screening Neuroinflammatory Phenotypes against SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Phagocytotic Microglia.

In the pathogenesis of microglia, brain immune cells promote nitrergic stress by overproducing nitric oxide (NO), leading to neuroinflammation. Furthermore, NO has been linked to COVID-19 progression, which has caused significant morbidity and mortality. SARS-CoV-2 infection activates inflammation by releasing excess NO and causing cell death in human microglial clone 3 (HMC3).

Chronological development of functional fluorophores for bio-imaging.

Functional fluorophores represent an emerging research field, distinguished by their diverse applications, especially in sensing and cellular imaging. After the discovery of quinine sulfate and subsequent elucidation of the fluorescence mechanism by Sir George Stokes, research in the field of fluorescence gained momentum. Over the past few decades, advancements in sophisticated instruments, including super-resolution microscopy, have further promoted cellular imaging using traditional fluorophores.

Ratiometric fluorescent probes for pH mapping in cellular organelles.

The intracellular pH (pHi) in organelles, including mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and nuclei, differs from the cytoplasmic pH, and thus maintaining the pH of these organelles is crucial for cellular homeostasis. Alterations in the intracellular pH (ΔpHi) in organelles lead to the disruption of cell proliferation, ion transportation, cellular homeostasis, and even cell death. Hence, accurately mapping the pH of organelles is crucial.

Metal-free synthesis and study of glycine betaine derivatives in water for antimicrobial and anticancer applications.

A sustainable synthesis of interesting glycine betaine derivatives from cyclic 3°-amines viz. N-methyl morpholine (), N-methyl piperidine (), and 1,4-diazabicyclo[2.2.

A Systematic Design and Synthesis of PET-based Fluorescent Probes for Monitoring pH During Mitophagy.

Mitochondria are the powerhouse of the cell and function at pH ∼8.0. Dysfunctions of mitochondria, includes mitochondrial damage, leading to pH alteration.

Esterase Specific Fluorescent Probe: Mechanistic Understanding Using QM/MM Calculation and Cell States Discrimination.

Esterases enzymes regulate the body's homeostasis by catalyzing the hydrolysis of various esters. These are also involved in protein metabolism, detoxification, and signal transmission. Most importantly, esterase plays a significant role in cell viability and cytotoxicity assays.

Light induced diversity-oriented synthesis (DOS) library of annulated indolizine fluorophores for imaging non-lysosomal lipid droplets (LDs).

We report the design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of a novel class of annulated indolizines as fluorescent probes. The compounds were generated through an eco-friendly, blue LED-induced domino reaction in ethyl acetate. A library of 24 coloured compounds exhibited tuneable emissions.

PET- and ICT-Based Ratiometric Probe: An Unusual Phenomenon of Morpholine-Conjugated Fluorophore for Mitochondrial pH Mapping during Mitophagy.

Mitochondrial functions are heavily influenced by acid-base homeostasis. Hence, elucidation of the mitochondrial pH is essential in living cells, and its alterations during pathologies is an interesting question to be addressed. Small molecular fluorescent probes are progressively applied to quantify the mitochondrial pH by fluorescence imaging.

IndiFluors: A New Full-Visible Color-Tunable Donor-Acceptor-Donor (D-A-D) Fluorophore Family for Ratiometric pH Imaging during Mitophagy.

Full-visible color-tunable new fluorophores are essential in bioimaging research. However, it is significantly challenging to design fluorophores with the desired optical and biological properties owing to their structural complexity. We report a unified design of an interesting molecular framework, , based on the principle of a donor-acceptor-donor (D-A-D) system.

ICT based water-soluble fluorescent probe for discriminating mono and dicarbonyl species and analysis in foods.

A unique and highly water-soluble ICT-based fluorescent probe is developed for efficient detection and discrimination of reactive monocarbonyl formaldehyde (FA) from dicarbonyl methylglyoxal (MGO)/glyoxal (GO) by modulating the ICT process, which was confirmed by photophysical and TD-DFT analysis. The probe is applied in cellular imaging and quantifying FA in preserved food and MGO in manuka honey.

A single benzene fluorescent probe for efficient formaldehyde sensing in living cells using glutathione as an amplifier.

Formaldehyde (FA), a simple reactive carbonyl molecule, is endogenously produced in the cell at various physiological condition. At elevated level, FA causes severe cell toxicity as well as damage in macromolecules such proteins and DNA. For detecting FA in living cell, we identify a small but effective fluorescent turn on probe comprising single benzene-based orothophenylenediamine compound.

Highly selective chemosensor for reactive carbonyl species based on simple 1,8-diaminonaphthalene.

Reactive carbonyl species (RCSs) including one carbon formaldehyde (FA) and dicarbonyl compounds such as methylglyoxal (MGO) and glyoxal (GO) are produced during demethylase reactions and various glucose metabolic pathways respectively. Elevation of the RCSs concentrations in cells is due to abnormal DNA damage, glycation adducts with macromolecules that lead to various neurotoxic diseases. Hence, regular monitoring of these RCSs with an easy tool is of utmost interest.