Unveiling Alternate Electrode Electrolysis in Electro-Photochemical and Electro-Organic Syntheses.

Electro-photochemical organic synthesis is a rapidly growing field. Recently, technological advancement has contributed significantly to improve electro- and photolytic organic transformations in terms of energy efficiency and productivity. Herein, we have introduced alternating electrode electrolysis|alternate electrode electrolysis (AEE), a new technique in electrosynthesis which in combination with blue LED demonstrated an interesting three-component reaction with aryl diazoesters, 1,4-quinones, and acetone to synthesize ketal-functionalized 1,4-quinones.

-species small RNAs move long distances in a parasitic plant complex.

Parasitic plants exchange various types of RNAs with their host plants, including mRNA, and small non-coding RNA. Among small non-coding RNAs, miRNA production is known to be induced at the haustorial interface. The induced miRNAs transfer to the host plant and activate secondary siRNA production to silence target genes in the host.

Arabinogalactan Proteins Accumulate in the Cell Walls of Searching Hyphae of the Stem Parasitic Plants, Cuscuta campestris and Cuscuta japonica.

Stem parasitic plants (Cuscuta spp.) develop a specialized organ called a haustorium to penetrate their hosts' stem tissues. To reach the vascular tissues of the host plant, the haustorium needs to overcome the physical barrier of the cell wall, and the parasite-host interaction via the cell wall is a critical process.