Unveiling the Human Brain on a Chip: An Odyssey to Reconstitute Neuronal Ensembles and Explore Plausible Applications in Neuroscience.

The brain is an incredibly complex structure that consists of millions of neural networks. In developmental and cellular neuroscience, probing the highly complex dynamics of the brain remains a challenge. Furthermore, deciphering how several cues can influence neuronal growth and its interactions with different brain cell types (such as astrocytes and microglia) is also a formidable task.

Short Peptoid Evolved from the Key Hydrophobic Stretch of Amyloid-β42 Peptide Serves as a Potent Therapeutic Lead of Alzheimer's Disease.

Amyloid-β 42(Aβ42), an enzymatically cleaved (1-42 amino acid long) toxic peptide remnant, has long been reported to play the key role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ42 also plays the key role in the onset of other AD-related factors including hyperphosphorylation of tau protein that forms intracellular neurofibrillary tangles, imbalances in the function of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, and even generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), disrupting the cytoskeleton and homeostasis of the cell. To address these issues, researchers have tried to construct several strategies to target multiple aspects of the disease but failed to produce any clinically successful therapeutic molecules.

Targeting Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans: An Emerging Therapeutic Strategy to Treat CNS Injury.

Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) are the most abundant components of glial scar formed after severe traumatic brain injury as well as spinal cord injury and play a crucial inhibitory role in axonal regeneration by selective contraction of filopodia of the growth cone of sprouting neurites. Healing of central nervous system (CNS) injury requires degradation of the glycosamine glycan backbone of CSPGs in order to reduce the inhibitory effect of the CSPG layer. The key focus of this Viewpoint is to address a few important regenerative approaches useful for overcoming the inhibitory barrier caused by chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.

Three-Dimensional Microfluidic Platform with Neural Organoids: Model System for Unraveling Synapses.

Unraveling the large number of various signals in the brain under the influence of physical and chemical cues that govern the formation of individual neurons, axons, dendrites, and their functional synapses during the development of neural network is a challenging task. To understand this task, microfluidic devices equipped with microchannels for reconstitution of cell/tissue-culture environments have been studied. Microfluidic devices are emerging as powerful tools in neurobiology, since they are capable of controlling and manipulating the microenvironment of the brain in a precise manner.