Single-center experience on progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) cases, neuroimaging relevance, and management at West Virginia University (WVU).

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is an increasingly common and rapidly fatal demyelinating infection of central nervous system caused by the highly prevalent John Cunningham (JC) virus in immunocompromised individuals belonging to all age groups and genders. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the most common predisposing factor among other immunodeficient conditions leading to reactivation and multiple neurological symptoms. It has varied findings on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and diagnosis is confirmed by positive JC virus in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Assessment of risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma in Chidambaram, Southern India: a case-control study.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma, the fifth most common cancer worldwide, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India. The effect of lifestyle factors, including tobacco chewing, smoking and alcohol drinking, diet and dental care, on the risk of oral cancer was investigated in a case-control study conducted in Rajah Muthiah Dental College and Hospital, Annamalainagar, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu, India during the period 1991-2003. The study included 388 oral squamous cell carcinoma cases and an equal number (388) of age and sex-matched controls.

Protective effect of black tea polyphenols against 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

ABSTRACT This study was designed to evaluate the protective effect of black tea polyphenols (Polyphenon B) against genotoxicity and oxidative stress during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Since the bone marrow reflects hematopoietic stress caused by tumor cells, we used the frequency of micronuclei, the extent of lipid peroxidation, and the status of antioxidants in the bone marrow plasma as intermediate biomarkers of oxidative stress. All the hamsters painted with DMBA alone for 14 weeks developed buccal pouch carcinomas with a 75.

Enhancement of erythrocyte antioxidants by green and black tea polyphenols during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

We evaluated the comparative chemopreventive efficacy of green tea polyphenols (polyphenon-E) and black tea polyphenols (polyphenon-B) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. Lipid peroxidation, reduced and oxidized glutathione (GSH and GSSG, respectively), and the GSH-dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase and glutathione S-transferase in the erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. Enhanced lipid peroxidation in erythrocytes of DMBA-treated animals was accompanied by a significant decrease in the antioxidant status.

Expression of PCNA, cytokeratin, Bcl-2 and p53 during chemoprevention of hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis by ethanolic neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract.

Objectives: To evaluate the effect of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) on cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis associated proteins during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis.

Design And Methods: Hamsters were divided into four groups. The right buccal pouches of animals in group 1 were painted with 0.

Protective effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on DMBA-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice.

We evaluated the effects of pretreatment with ethanolic neem leaf extract on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in male Swiss albino mice. The frequency of bone marrow micronuclei, the extent of hepatic lipid peroxidation and the status of antioxidants-reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were used as intermediate biomarkers of chemoprotection. In DMBA-treated mice, the increases in micronuclei and lipid peroxides were accompanied by compromised antioxidant defenses.

Ethanolic neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract induces apoptosis in the hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis model by modulation of Bcl-2, Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3.

Induction of apoptosis is one of the most active strategies in cancer chemoprevention and the ability of medicinal plants in this regard has attracted major research interest. The present study was designed to investigate the apoptosis inducing capacity of an ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) during 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis using the apoptosis-associated proteins Bcl-2, Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3 as markers. Topical application of DMBA to the hamster cheek pouch for 14 weeks resulted in well developed squamous cell carcinomas associated with increased expression of Bcl-2 and decreased expression of Bim, caspase 8 and caspase 3.

Modulation of xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes by ethanolic neem leaf extract during hamster buccal pouch carcinogenesis.

Chemoprevention by medicinal plants is a promising approach for controlling cancer. There is substantial evidence to indicate that chemopreventive agents exert their anticarcinogenic effects by modulation of phase I and phase II xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes. Therefore, we examined the chemopreventive potential of ethanolic neem leaf extract (ENLE) on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis.

Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes in canine mammary tumours.

Mammary tumours are the most common neoplasms in female dogs. The present study was designed to evaluate the relationship between different clinical stages with activities of phase I and phase II carcinogen-metabolizing enzymes in canine mammary tumours. The levels of cytochrome P450 and cytochrome b5 and the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT), DT-diaphorase (DTD) and NADPH diaphorase in tumour tissues of 25 bitches was estimated.

Medicinal properties of neem leaves: a review.

Azadirachta indica, commonly known as neem, has attracted worldwide prominence in recent years, owing to its wide range of medicinal properties. Neem has been extensively used in Ayurveda, Unani and Homoeopathic medicine and has become a cynosure of modern medicine. Neem elaborates a vast array of biologically active compounds that are chemically diverse and structurally complex.

Ethanolic leaf extract of neem (Azadirachta indica) inhibits buccal pouch carcinogenesis in hamsters.

We evaluated the chemopreventive effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract in the initiation and post-initiation phases of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced hamster buccal pouch (HBP) carcinogenesis. The frequency of bone marrow micronuclei as well as the concentrations of lipid peroxides, ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), and the activities of the GSH-dependent enzymes glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the buccal pouch, liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. All the hamsters painted with DMBA alone for 14 weeks developed buccal pouch carcinomas that showed diminished lipid peroxidation and enhanced antioxidant status associated with increased frequencies of bone marrow micronuclei.

Protective effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in mice.

We evaluated the effects of pretreatment with ethanolic neem leaf extract on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced genotoxicity and oxidative stress in male Swiss albino mice. The frequency of micronuclei (MN), concentrations of lipid peroxides and the status of the antioxidants, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were used as intermediate biomarkers of chemoprotection. Animals were divided into four groups of five animals each.

Ethanolic neem leaf extract protects against N-methyl -N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats.

We evaluated the effects of ethanolic neem leaf extract on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced gastric carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the stomach, liver and erythrocytes were used as biomarkers of chemoprevention. Animals were divided into four groups of six animals each.

Chemoprotective effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaf against MNNG-induced oxidative stress.

We evaluated the modifying effects of ethanolic extract of neem leaves (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) on oxidative stress induced by the potent gastric carcinogen N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in male Wistar rats. The extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were used as intermediate endpoints of chemoprevention.

Chemoprotection against N-methyl-n'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced oxidative stress by s-allylcysteine, a garlic constituent, in wistar rats.

S-allylcysteine (SAC), a water-soluble garlic constituent, was tested for its protective effect against N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG)-induced oxidative stress in male Wistar rats. Three different concentrations of SAC (100, 200, and 400 mg/kg (-) 1 body weight) were administered intragastrically for 5 consecutive days, followed by intragastric intubation of MNNG 1(1/2) h after the final administration. Measurement of lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and glutathione S-transferase (GST) in the stomach, liver, and erythrocytes was used to monitor the chemoprotective effects of SAC.

Oxidant-antioxidant status in oral precancer and oral cancer patients.

The present investigation was undertaken to examine the blood levels of lipid peroxides and the antioxidants superoxide dismutase, catalase, reduced glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione-S-transferase in oral precancer, preoperative, postoperative, and recurrent oral cancer patients with age- and sex-matched normal healthy subjects as controls. In patients with oral precancer and oral cancer, enhanced lipid peroxidation was accompanied by antioxidant depletion. These changes were more pronounced in patients with recurrent oral tumors.

Oxidant-antioxidant status in patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas at different intraoral sites.

Objectives: To compare the extent of lipid peroxidation and the status of antioxidants in tumor and venous blood of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) at different intraoral sites.

Design And Methods: Twenty four patients with OSCC at different intraoral sites and an equal number of age- and sex-matched reference subjects were chosen for the study. The concentrations of lipid peroxides and reduced glutathione (GSH) and the activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST) were estimated in tissues and blood.

Tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in patients with adenocarcinoma of the breast.

Background: Carcinoma of the breast, the third most common cancer worldwide, accounts for the highest morbidity and mortality. The increasing global incidence of breast cancer emphasizes the need to understand the various mechanisms involved in breast tumorigenesis. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the use of lipid peroxidation and antioxidants as biomarkers in human mammary tumors.

Antioxidant profile in the circulation of patients with fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast.

Objectives: To correlate the extent of lipid peroxidation with the antioxidant status in the circulation of patients with fibroadenoma and adenocarcinoma of the breast.

Design And Methods: Ten fibroadenoma and thirty breast cancer patients and an equal number of age- and sex- matched normal subjects were chosen for the study. Lipid peroxidation as evidenced by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and the status of the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) ascorbic acid and vitamin E were estimated.