Hospital discharge diagnosis position: impact on adult pneumonia burden estimates.

Objectives: Pneumonia hospitalization studies using administrative claims rely on pneumonia coded in the first discharge diagnosis field over pneumonia in any coded field, and few have evaluated disposition following discharge. This study reports the total disease burden and discharge disposition among patients with pneumonia coded in any diagnosis field.

Study Design: Retrospective database review.

Vaccine-Preventable Disease Incidence Based on Clinically, Radiologically, and Etiologically Confirmed Outcomes: Systematic Literature Review and Re-analysis of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine Efficacy Trials.

Background: Vaccine regulatory decision making is based on vaccine efficacy against etiologically confirmed outcomes, which may underestimate the preventable disease burden. To quantify this underestimation, we compared vaccine-preventable disease incidence (VPDI) of clinically defined outcomes with radiologically/etiologically confirmed outcomes.

Methods: We performed a systematic review of efficacy trials for several vaccines (1997-2019) and report results for pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Invasive pneumococcal disease in Canada 2010-2017: The role of current and next-generation higher-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines.

Background: In 2010-2011, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) replaced the 7- or 10-valent vaccine (PCV7 and PCV10, respectively) in pediatric immunization programs across Canada. For adults aged ≥65 years, the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) has been publicly funded for several decades; PCV13 funding was not recommended in this population, partly due to expected ongoing vaccine-serotype disease decline stemming from herd effects of the pediatric program. Higher-valent PCVs (ie, 15- and 20-valent PCVs [PCV15 and PCV20, respectively]) currently in development may become available in Canada in the coming years.

Identification of Streptococcus pneumoniae in hospital-acquired pneumonia in adults.

Hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP) is often more severe and life-threatening than community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). The role of Streptococcus pneumoniae in CAP is well-understood, but its role in HAP is unclear. The objective of this study was to summarize the available literature on the prevalence of S.

Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype distribution and antimicrobial nonsusceptibility trends among adults with pneumonia in the United States, 2009‒2017.

Background In the United States, the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine has been recommended for children since 2010 and for adults aged ≥65 years since 2014. We assessed S. pneumoniae antimicrobial nonsusceptibility among adults with suspected pneumonia from hospital settings.

Diabetes mellitus as a vaccine-effect modifier: a review.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a highly prevalent, chronic condition in adults worldwide. Little is known about the potential role of diabetes as an effect modifier of vaccine protective responses.

Areas Covered: We conducted a literature review of the immunogenicity, efficacy and effectiveness of immunization in individuals, in studies that compared subjects with DM (DM+) and without DM (DM-).

One-Year Quality of Life Post-Pneumonia Diagnosis in Japanese Adults.

Background: Pneumonia is a common, serious illness in the elderly, with a poorly characterized long-term impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL). The Japanese Goto Epidemiology Study is a prospective, active, population-based surveillance study of adults with X-ray/CT scan-confirmed community-onset pneumonia, assessing the HRQoL outcome quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). We report QALY scores and losses among a subset of participants in this study.

Upper respiratory tract colonization with in adults.

Introduction: Most of the current evidence regarding pneumococcal upper respiratory colonization in adults suggests that despite high disease burden, carriage prevalence is low. Contemporary studies on adult pneumococcal colonization have largely followed the pediatric approach by which samples are obtained mostly from the nasopharynx and bacterial detection is evaluated by routine culture alone. Recent evidence suggests that the 'pediatric approach' may be insufficient in adults and pneumococcal detection in this population may be improved by longitudinal studies that include samples from additional respiratory sites combined with more extensive laboratory testing.

Acute otitis media, antimicrobial prescriptions, and medical expenses among children in the United States during 2011-2016.

Introduction: We analyzed outpatient visits, incidence, antimicrobial prescriptions, and medical expenditures for acute otitis media (AOM) in the United States during 2011-2016.

Methods: Data sources included the National Disease and Therapeutic Index (NDTI™) projections by IQVIA (for AOM cases), The Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (for medical expenditures) and the US Census (for population estimates). Analyses focused on children aged ≤9 years between 2011 and 2016.

Post hoc analysis of the efficacy of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against vaccine-type community-acquired pneumonia in at-risk older adults.

Background: Individuals with certain chronic medical conditions are at higher risk of developing pneumonia and pneumococcal disease than those without. Using data from the Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA), this post hoc analysis assessed the efficacy of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) in adults aged ≥65 years with at-risk conditions.

Methods: The Community-Acquired Pneumonia Immunization Trial in Adults (CAPiTA) was a double-blind, parallel-group, randomized, placebo-controlled study in the Netherlands in which adults aged ≥65 years received either PCV13 or placebo.

Cost of Herpes Zoster in Patients With Selected Immune-Compromised Conditions in the United States.

Background.  This retrospective study investigates the healthcare costs of herpes zoster (HZ) in patients with selected immune-compromised (IC) conditions in the United States (US). Methods.

spa Typing and Multilocus Sequence Typing Show Comparable Performance in a Macroepidemiologic Study of Staphylococcus aureus in the United States.

A number of molecular typing methods have been developed for characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates. The utility of these systems depends on the nature of the investigation for which they are used. We compared two commonly used methods of molecular typing, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) (and its clustering algorithm, Based Upon Related Sequence Type [BURST]) with the staphylococcal protein A (spa) typing (and its clustering algorithm, Based Upon Repeat Pattern [BURP]), to assess the utility of these methods for macroepidemiology and evolutionary studies of S.

Incidence of skin and soft tissue infections in ambulatory and inpatient settings, 2005-2010.

Background: The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant S. aureus was associated with dramatically increased skin and soft tissue infection (SSTI) incidence in the first few years of the 21(st) century in the U.S.

Incidence of herpes zoster and persistent post-zoster pain in adults with or without diabetes in the United States.

Background: This study was designed to assess the association between diabetes and herpes zoster (HZ) and persistent post-zoster pain (PPZP).

Methods: We used a United States-based, 2005-2009 retrospective observational study of medical and pharmacy claims from adults in 3 large national databases. Incidence rate ratios were used to compare HZ incidence by diabetes status.

Postoperative Staphylococcus aureus infections in Medicare beneficiaries.

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections are important because of their increasing frequency, resistance to antibiotics, and high associated rates of disabilities and deaths. We examined the incidence and correlates of S.

Incidence and cost of hospitalizations associated with Staphylococcus aureus skin and soft tissue infections in the United States from 2001 through 2009.

Background: The emergence of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (SA) and its role in skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) accentuated the role of SA-SSTIs in hospitalizations.

Methods: We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample and Census Bureau data to quantify population-based incidence and associated cost for SA-SSTI hospitalizations.

Results: SA-SSTI associated hospitalizations increased 123% from 160,811 to 358,212 between 2001 and 2009, and they represented an increasing share of SA- hospitalizations (39% to 51%).

State-by-state variations in cardiac rehabilitation participation are associated with educational attainment, income, and program availability.

Purpose: Wide geographic variations in cardiac rehabilitation (CR) participation in the United States have been demonstrated but are not well understood. Socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment are robust predictors of many health-related behaviors, including smoking, obesity, physical activity, substance abuse, and cardiovascular disease. We investigated potential associations between state-level differences in educational attainment, other socioeconomic factors, CR program availability, and variations in CR participation.

Smoking cessation and attempted cessation among adults in the United States.

Aims: With growing recognition of stagnant rates of attempted cigarette smoking cessation, the current study examined demographic and psychometric characteristics associated with successful and attempted smoking cessation in a nationally representative sample. This additional understanding may help target tobacco cessation treatments toward sub-groups of smokers in order to increase attempts to quit smoking.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Data were used from the 2011 U.

Incidence of herpes zoster in patients with altered immune function.

Purpose: To estimate the incidence of herpes zoster (HZ) and rates of post-zoster pain in both the total study population and separately in patients with selected conditions/treatments associated with altered immune function.

Methods: The health administrative claims databases for commercially insured, Medicare, and Medicaid populations, together accounting for approximately 51 million insured individuals, were analyzed between 2005 and 2009 in a retrospective cohort study. Incidence of HZ episodes per 1,000 person-years (PY) was estimated in all study populations as well as within nine potentially immune-altering conditions.

Incidence and cost of pneumonia in older adults with COPD in the United States.

Objectives: To estimate the incidence of pneumonia by COPD status and the excess cost of inpatient primary pneumonia in elders with COPD.

Study Design: A retrospective, longitudinal study using claims linked to eligibility/demographic data for a 5% sample of fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries from 2005 through 2007.

Methods: Incidence rates of pneumonia were calculated for elders with and without COPD and for elders with COPD and coexistent congestive heart failure (CHF).

The prevalence, predictors and associated health outcomes of high nicotine dependence using three measures among US smokers.

Aims: Using the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND), the Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) and the time-to-first-cigarette (TTFC), this study estimated prevalence, evaluated optimal scale cut-offs, identified predictors and assessed potential impact on health, productivity and health-care use of high nicotine dependence among US smokers.

Design, Setting And Participants: This cross-sectional study used 2011 National Health and Wellness Survey data (n = 50 000).

Measurements: Nicotine dependence, demographic data, measures of health, productivity and health-care use and health attitudes were assessed.

Incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of skin and soft-tissue infections in a U.S. population: a retrospective population-based study.

Background: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are commonly occurring infections with wide-ranging clinical manifestations, from mild to life-threatening. There are few population-based studies of SSTIs in the period after the rapid increase in community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphyloccus aureus (MRSA).

Methods: We used electronic databases to describe the incidence, microbiology, and patient characteristics of clinically-diagnosed skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) among members of a Northern California integrated health plan.

Skin and soft tissue infections and associated complications among commercially insured patients aged 0-64 years with and without diabetes in the U.S.

Introduction: Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) are common infections occurring in ambulatory and inpatient settings. The extent of complications associated with these infections by diabetes status is not well established.

Methods: Using a very large repository database, we examined medical and pharmacy claims of individuals aged 0-64 between 2005 and 2010 enrolled in U.