Investigation of tongue movements during swallowing with M-mode ultrasonography.

Aim: Evaluation of tongue movements during swallowing with a computer-aided, M-mode ultrasonography system in combination with a cushioning device.

Subjects And Method: Motion pattern and activity duration of the tongue dorsum during swallowing were investigated in 55 volunteers.

Results: The duration, amplitude and pattern of tongue movements during swallowing differed interindividually, whereas they were reproduced well intra-individually.

Death and help expected from nurses when dying.

This project was undertaken to ascertain the perceptions of a group of Taiwan's fourth-year bachelor of science in nursing (BSN) students regarding death and help expected from nurses during the dying process. Within the Chinese culture, death is one of the most important life issues. However, in many Chinese societies it is difficult for people to reveal their deepest feelings to their significant others or loved ones.