Premature ovarian insufficiency: a review on the role of oxidative stress and the application of antioxidants.

Normal levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) play an important role in regulating follicular growth, angiogenesis and sex hormone synthesis in ovarian tissue. When the balance between ROS and antioxidants is disrupted, however, it can cause serious consequences of oxidative stress (OS), and the quantity and quality of oocytes will decline. Therefore, this review discusses the interrelationship between OS and premature ovarian insufficiency (POI), the potential mechanisms and the methods by which antioxidants can improve POI through controlling the level of OS.

Advanced glycation end-products induce heparanase expression in endothelial cells by the receptor for advanced glycation end products and through activation of the FOXO4 transcription factor.

As an endo-β (1-4)-D: -glucuronidase, heparanase can specifically cleave carbohydrate chains of heparan sulfate (HS) and has been implicated in development of endothelial cells dsyfunction. The advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a pivotal role in the pathology of diabetic complications. In the present study, we investigated the effect of AGE-bovine serum albumin (AGE-BSA) on heparanase expression in human microvascular endothelial cells (HMVECs) and the underlying molecular mechanisms.

Synthesis and anti-inflammatory activity of N-phthalimidomethyl 2,3-dideoxy- and 2,3-unsaturated glycosides.

3,4,6-Tri-O-acetyl-D-galactal, 3,4,6-tri-O-acetyl-D-glucal and 3,6,2',3',4'6'-hexa-O-acetyl-D-lactal were reacted with N-hydroxymethylphthalimide and boron trifluoride etherate to produce the corresponding phthalimidomethyl unsaturated glycosides via Ferrier rearrangement. When the galactal derivative was used, a non-Ferrier rearrangement product was also isolated as a minor product under classical Ferrier conditions. Phthalimidomethyl deoxy glycosides were readily prepared by hydrogenation of the unsaturated glycosides.

Synthesis of N-sugar-substituted phthalimides and their derivatives from sugar azides and phthalic anhydride.

N-Sugar-substituted phthalimides and tetrachlorophthalimide derivatives can be prepared in good yields under essentially neutral conditions. Mixing a sugar azide, NaI, Me3SiCl, phthalic or substituted phthalic anhydride and tetrabutylammonium iodide as catalyst in acetonitrile at rt or 60 degrees C, afforded 12 imides in 83-95% yields.