Study on percutaneous penetration of representative cosmetic ingredients in a baby wipe product in an in vitro diaper rash skin model.

Studying percutaneous penetration of various cosmetic ingredients through intact and compromised skin can provide insight on quantitative exposure assessment for baby products intended for diapered skin. We developed an in vitro model (tape-stripped human skin) designed to achieve the Trans-Epidermal Water Loss values measured in babies with various degrees of diaper dermatitis. Six reference compounds showed the impact of physicochemical properties on absorption through this "diaper rash" skin model.

A sequential tape stripping approach for the assessment of the impact of personal cleansing products on the stratum corneum surface layers' acid mantle properties and antimicrobial defense.

Background: Stratum corneum (SC) plays a critical role in skin barrier function for protection and defense in nature. The acidic skin pH, which is also known as the acid mantle, is very important in fighting against outer environmental threats, especially, bacteria. Furthermore, recent research has shown that the transient bacteria could potentially penetrate into deeper layer of the SC down to a few micrometers while posing an additional threat to the deeper layers of the skin.

Mechanistic Skin Modeling of Plasma Concentrations of Sunscreen Active Ingredients Following Facial Application.

Sunscreen products constitute two distinct categories. Recreational sunscreens protect against high-intensity, episodic sun exposure, often applied over the entire body. In contrast, facial sunscreen products are designed for sub-erythemal, low-intensity daily sun exposure.

The vitamin A ester retinyl propionate has a unique metabolic profile and higher retinoid-related bioactivity over retinol and retinyl palmitate in human skin models.

Human skin is exposed daily to environmental stressors, which cause acute damage and inflammation. Over time, this leads to morphological and visual appearance changes associated with premature ageing. Topical vitamin A derivatives such as retinol (ROL), retinyl palmitate (RPalm) and retinyl propionate (RP) have been used to reverse these changes and improve the appearance of skin.

Penetration of Petrolatum in Stratum Corneum from Bodywash Formulation.

Petrolatum is a mixture of hydrocarbons that is widely used as a moisturizer. It is incorporated in bodywash formulations to help hydrate and maintain healthy skin appearance. The aim of this study was to investigate skin deposition and penetration of petrolatum from an experimental bodywash system consisting of petrolatum .

Comparing Surfactant Penetration into Human Skin and Resulting Skin Dryness Using and Methods.

Numerous tests have been developed to estimate a surfactant's mildness in rinse-off formulations. In this study, mixed surfactant systems were examined for their impact on surfactant penetration into the skin and skin hydration using and methods. A forearm controlled application test (FCAT) was conducted, and skin hydration was evaluated using corneometry and visual dryness grading.

In vitro skin penetration of petrolatum and soybean oil and effects of glyceryl monooleate.

Objectives: Petrolatum and soybean oil are common ingredients incorporated in topical skin formulations for skin protection and moisturization. However, the stratum corneum (SC) penetration kinetics of these two cosmetic ingredients has not been systematically studied. Glyceryl monooleate (GlyMOle) has been shown to enhance skin penetration of various compounds.

Development of a preclinical surfactant skin penetration assay to reflect exposure times typical of consumer use.

Mixed surfactant and surfactant-polymer compositions have been reported to decrease surfactant deposition onto and penetration into the skin relative to single surfactant compositions, potentially improving the mildness of the product. Previous workers in this area [see Moore :29-46 (2003), and subsequent publications] employed a procedure in which excised porcine skin was exposed to a surfactant solution containing radiolabeled sodium dodecyl sulfate (C-SDS) for 5 h. We have developed an improved SDS penetration assay using excised human skin that reflects typical consumer exposure times for rinse-off products.

Gel network shampoo formulation and hair health benefits.

Objective: The objective of this work was to create a shampoo formula that contains a stable ordered gel network structure that delivers fatty alcohols inside hair.

Methods: X-ray diffraction (SAXS and WAXS), SEM and DSC have been used to confirm formation of the ordered Lβ gel network with fatty alcohol (cetyl and stearyl alcohols) and an anionic surfactant (SLE1S). Micro-autoradiography and extraction methods using GC-MS were used to confirm penetration of fatty alcohols into hair, and cyclic fatigue testing was used to measure hair strength.

Preserving fibre health: reducing oxidative stress throughout the life of the hair fibre.

Hair health is an important attribute to women globally--specifically attributes such as shine, healthy tips, frizz-free and strength. However, many women will claim to have at least moderate hair damage caused by habits and practices such as washing, combing and brushing, use of heated implements and regular use of chemical treatments. The objective of this work was to investigate two mechanisms of damage--hair colouring and UV exposure--where oxidative processes are involved.

Cloning and expression of a rat liver phenobarbital-inducible UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (2B12) with specificity for monoterpenoid alcohols.

A full-length cDNA, HBPA2, that encodes for a new rat hepatic UDP-glucuronosyltransferase protein, designated UGT2B12, was isolated from a rat liver cDNA library. The isolated clone contains a 1590-nucleotide open reading frame flanked by 2 and 252 base pairs of 5' and 3' noncoding sequences, respectively. Human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with UGT2B12 expressed a protein with a subunit molecular mass of 53 kDa.

Studies on the glucuronidation of dopamine D-1 receptor antagonists, SCH 39166 and SCH 23390, by human liver microsomes.

Dopamine D-1 receptor antagonists are currently under investigation for use as antipsychotic agents. Two potent and selective D-1 receptor antagonists, SCH 39166 and SCH 23390, have been studied extensively in various experimental animal models. SCH 39166 has a more prolonged duration of action in primates in vivo and a lower rate of in vitro glucuronidation by microsomes from squirrel monkey liver.

The direct glucuronidation of 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP) by human and rabbit liver microsomes.

The glucuronidation of the food-borne heterocyclic amine 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo-[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) was investigated using hepatic microsomes from several species. PhIP-glucuronic acid conjugates were formed in an NADPH-free system using microsomes from rabbit, dog, guinea pig, and human. Rat, hamster, and mouse microsomes were incapable of directly producing PhIP-glucuronides.

Studies on tertiary amine UDP-glucuronosyltransferases from human and rabbit hepatic microsomes.

The conversion of tertiary amines to quaternary ammonium glucuronides was investigated in human liver microsomes, and characteristics of the UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) catalyzing quaternary ammonium glucuronidation were evaluated. In addition, a rabbit liver microsomal UGT mediating this reaction was studied. The kinetics of quaternary ammonium glucuronidation of cyproheptadine, tripelennamine, amitriptyline, and doxepin in intact human liver microsomes was determined.

Mechanisms of chemoprotection by oltipraz.

1,2-Dithiole-3-thiones are five-membered cyclic sulfur-containing compounds with antioxidant, chemotherapeutic, radioprotective and cancer chemoprotective properties. One substituted dithiolethione, oltipraz [5-(2-pyrazinyl)-4-methyl-1,2-dithiole-3-thione], originally developed as an antischistosomal agent, has recently been observed to protect against chemically induced carcinogenesis in lung, trachea, forestomach, colon, breast, skin, liver and urinary bladder in rodents. The induction of electrophilic detoxication enzymes, which result in diminished carcinogen-DNA adduct formation and reduced cytotoxicity, appears to be an important component of the anticarcinogenic action of oltipraz and other dithiolethiones.

Purification and properties of a rat liver phenobarbital-inducible 4-hydroxybiphenyl UDP-glucuronosyltransferase.

A phenobarbital-inducible rat hepatic microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UDPGT) that catalyzes the glucuronidation of 4-hydroxybiphenyl (4-HBP) has been purified to homogeneity. This UDPGT has an apparent subunit molecular weight of 52,500, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The 4-HBP UDPGT was shown to catalyze the glucuronidation of 4-HBP, 4-methylumbelliferone, and p-nitrophenol but did not react with testosterone, androsterone, morphine, chloramphenicol, 4-hydroxycoumarin, or 7-methoxycoumarin.

[Detection of the presence of formaldehyde in textiles by using color tests with acetylacetone and chromotropic acid].

In 61 textile materials of cotton, wool and synthetic fibre formaldehyde was determined using colour tests with acetylacetone and chromotropic acid. Full agreement of the results of both tests was demonstrated. In 61 studied materials formaldehyde was demonstrated in 44 samples and in 17 samples it was absent.

Selective, histamine-mediated immunosuppression in laryngeal cancer.

Immunosuppression observed even in the earliest laryngeal cancers can be, in part, reversed with H2 histamine antagonists. In an effort to explain this, we tested whether histamine could evoke changes in endogenous antitumor lymphokine production using tonsil lymphocytes as test cells. We have observed that lymphocytes, treated in vitro with histamine, display a significant suppression of lymphokine production and mixed lymphocyte proliferation response following galactose oxidase treatment.

Comparison of cytomegalovirus antibodies by means of CF, ELISA and immunoblotting techniques.

Antibody to human cytomegalovirus in sera of immune blood donors reacted with 12 viral polypeptides of molecular weight 200.000. 150.

The effects of the stimulation of histamine-forming capacity (HFC) and the inhibition of histamine catabolism on tensile strength and collagen content of skin wounds in the rats.

The effects of histamine-forming capacity (HFC) stimulation by 48/80 as well as of histamine catabolism inhibition by aminoguanidine on the tensile strength and collagen production were studied in wounds of rats. 48/80 raised the level of collagen in wounds and increased their tensile strength. Aminoguanidine increased the histamine content of the wounds but markedly lowered the tensile strength and collagen content.