Diroximel Fumarate in Patients with Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis: NEDA-3 After Re-Baselining in the Phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 Study.

Introduction: Diroximel fumarate (DRF) and dimethyl fumarate (DMF) are orally administered fumarate disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS). The safety, tolerability, and exploratory efficacy of DRF were evaluated in the phase 3 EVOLVE-MS-1 study. No Evidence of Disease Activity (NEDA-3) is a composite efficacy endpoint used in clinical trials for MS defined as no relapse, no 24-week confirmed disability progression (CDP), no new/newly enlarging T2 lesions, and no new gadolinium-enhancing lesions.

High dose biotin as treatment for progressive multiple sclerosis.

Background: Published data suggested high dose biotin improved patients with progressive MS. We wished to determine benefits and side effects of administering daily high dose biotin to patients with progressive multiple sclerosis in a large MS specialty clinic.

Methods: Forty-three patients with progressive multiple scleroses were prescribed pharmaceutical grade biotin as a single daily dose of 300mg/day.

Traumatic brain injury may be an independent risk factor for stroke.

Objective: To explore whether traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be a risk factor for subsequent ischemic stroke.

Methods: Patients with any emergency department visit or hospitalization for TBI (exposed group) or non-TBI trauma (control) based on statewide emergency department and inpatient databases in California from 2005 to 2009 were included in a retrospective cohort. TBI was defined using the Centers for Disease Control definition.

Distensible transtrophoblastic channels in the rat placenta.

Paracellular pathways in the haemotrichorial placenta of the rat were studied by electron microscopy using lanthanum hydroxide as an electron dense marker. Near term placentae were dually perfused in situ, adding lanthanum to the fetal perfusate. In some placentae outflow pressure on the fetal side was elevated (between 10 and 25 cm H(2)O) to promote filtration of fluid in a fetomaternal direction.

Placental transfer of inorganic ions and water.

There are great interspecies differences in placental structure as well as in permeability properties of the placenta. In all species, however, the placenta behaves like a low-permeability barrier containing specific mechanisms of transcellular transport for minerals and other substrates for fetal growth and metabolism. The minerals that are contained in plasma in low concentrations and that are mainly intracellular or sequestered in bones (K+, Mg2+, Ca2+, phosphate) are transported to the fetus actively.

Transfer of Cl- across placenta of anesthetized rat.

The mechanisms of Cl- transfer across the rat placenta have been investigated. Clearance across the intact placenta from mother to fetus (m-->f) of 51Cr-EDTA (paracellular diffusion marker) and 36Cl- (Kmf) was 1.9 +/- 0.

Maternal-fetal potential difference in the rat is generated by the placenta.

Electrical potential difference, PD, was recorded between maternal blood on one side and uterine lumen (transuterine PD), amniotic fluid (amniotic fluid PD), or vitelline blood of the fetus (maternal-fetal PD) on the other side in rats on day 21 of gestation. The values obtained are 2.4 +/- 6.

Placental transfer of phosphate in anaesthetized rats.

Mechanisms of transfer of inorganic phosphate, Pi, across the placenta of rats at 21 days of gestation were studied using 32Pi. In one group of experiments the unidirectional transfer of Pi from mother to fetus was estimated from radioactivity in the fetus at various intervals after the tracer injection into the mother. At 15 min after tracer injection, the transfer rate was only slightly higher than the estimated rate of fetal accretion of Pi, and it decreased rapidly with the length of the experiment suggesting deterioration of the transfer mechanism under conditions of an acute experiment.