The nature and impact of urinary incontinence experienced by patients receiving community nursing services: a cross-sectional cohort study.

Background: Nurses have played a pivotal role in the delivery of continence services yet little is known about the nature or impact of urinary symptoms experienced by patients in receipt of such care.

Aim: To define the nature and impact of urinary symptoms experienced by patients in receipt of community nursing services.

Method: The Leicestershire Urinary Symptoms Questionnaire was administered to 1078 patients with incontinence identified from 176 community nurses' caseloads in 157 general practices in England.

Cluster randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of audit and feedback and educational outreach on improving nursing practice and patient outcomes.

Background: Current understanding of implementation methods is limited, and research has focused on changing doctors' behaviors.

Aim: Our aim was to evaluate the impact of audit and feedback and educational outreach in improving nursing practice and patient outcomes.

Methods: Using a factorial design, cluster randomized controlled trial, we evaluated 194 community nurses in 157 family practices and 1078 patients with diagnosis of urinary incontinence (UI) for nurses compliance with evidence-linked review criteria for the assessment and management of UI and impact on psychologic and social well-being and symptoms.