Photoelectrocatalyzed undirected C-H trifluoromethylation of arenes: catalyst evaluation and scope.

During the last few years, photoelectrocatalysis has evolved as an increasingly viable tool for molecular synthesis. Despite several recent reports on the undirected C-H functionalization of arenes, thus far, a detailed comparison of different catalysts is still missing. To address this, more than a dozen different mediators were employed in the trifluoromethylation of (hetero-)arenes to compare them in their efficacies.

Electrooxidative tricyclic 6-7-6 fused-system domino assembly to allocolchicines by a removable radical strategy.

Natural allocolchicine and analogues derived thereof a tricyclic 6-7-6-system have been found as key scaffold of various biologically relevant molecules. However, the direct preparation of the allocolchicine motif remains difficult to date. Herein, we report on an electrooxidative radical cyclization of biarylynones with various carbon- and heteroatom-centered radical precursors a sequential radical addition/7-/radical cyclization domino reaction.

Synthesis and in vitro Study of Artemisinin/Synthetic Peroxide-Based Hybrid Compounds against SARS-CoV-2 and Cancer.

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) cause life-threatening diseases in millions of people worldwide, in particular, in patients with cancer, and there is an urgent need for antiviral agents against this infection. While in vitro activities of artemisinins against SARS-CoV-2 and cancer have recently been demonstrated, no study of artemisinin and/or synthetic peroxide-based hybrid compounds active against both cancer and SARS-CoV-2 has been reported yet. However, the hybrid drug's properties (e.

Reduced dispensing of prescribed antibiotics during the Covid-19 pandemic has not increased severe complications from common infections.

Background: Sweden has seen an accelerated decline in the number of dispensed antibiotic prescriptions from an already low level during the Covid-19 pandemic. This prompted us to explore whether the decrease in antibiotic prescriptions has reached a critically low level and resulted in an increase in treatment of severe complications from common infections. The aim was to study if the accelerated decrease in antibiotic sales has led to an increase in complications in outpatients with common infections.

Dibenzocycloheptanones construction through a removable -centered radical: synthesis of allocolchicine analogues.

Dibenzocycloheptanones containing a tricyclic 6-7-6-system are present in numerous biologically active natural molecules. However, the simple and efficient preparation of derivatives containing a dibenzocycloheptanone scaffold remains difficult to date. Herein, we report a versatile strategy for the construction of these challenging seven-membered rings using a 7--trig cyclization which is initiated by a phosphorus-centered radical.

C-H activation by immobilized heterogeneous photocatalysts.

During the last decades, the merger of photocatalysis with transition metal chemistry has been surfaced as a sustainable tool in modern molecular syntheses. This Account highlights major advances in synergistic photo-enabled C‒H activations. Inspired by our homogenous ruthenium- and copper-catalyzed C‒H activations in the absence of an exogenous photosensitizer, this Account describes the recent progress on heterogeneous photo-induced C‒H activation enabled by immobilized hybrid catalysts until September 2021, with a topical focus on recyclability as well as robustness of the heterogeneous photocatalyst.

Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Benzylations and Allylations at Room Temperature.

The ruthenium-catalyzed synthesis of diarylmethane compounds was realized under exceedingly mild photoredox conditions without the use of exogenous photocatalysts. The versatility and robustness of the ruthenium-catalyzed C-H benzylation was reflected by an ample scope, including multifold C-H functionalizations, as well as transformable pyrazoles, imidates and sensitive nucleosides. Mechanistic studies were indicative of a photoactive cyclometalated ruthenium complex, which also enabled versatile C-H allylations.

Electrooxidative dearomatization of biaryls: synthesis of tri- and difluoromethylated spiro[5.5]trienones.

Radical spirocyclization dearomatization has emerged as an attractive strategy for the rapid synthesis of structurally diverse spiro molecules. We report the use of electrochemistry to perform an oxidative dearomatization of biaryls leading to tri- and difluoromethylated spiro[5.5]trienones in a user friendly undivided cell set-up and a constant current mode.

Regiodivergent C-H and Decarboxylative C-C Alkylation by Ruthenium Catalysis: ortho versus meta Position-Selectivity.

Ruthenium(II)biscarboxylate complexes enabled the selective alkylation of C-H and C-C bonds at the ortho- or meta-position. ortho-C-H Alkylations were achieved with 4-, 5- as well as 6-membered halocycloalkanes. Furthermore, the judicious choice of the directing group allowed for a full control of ortho-/meta-selectivities.

Photo-Induced Ruthenium-Catalyzed C-H Arylations at Ambient Temperature.

Ambient temperature ruthenium-catalyzed C-H arylations were accomplished by visible light without additional photocatalysts. The robustness of the ruthenium-catalyzed C-H functionalization protocol was reflected by a broad range of sensitive functional groups and synthetically useful pyrazoles, triazoles and sensitive nucleosides and nucleotides, as well as multifold C-H functionalizations. Biscyclometalated ruthenium complexes were identified as the key intermediates in the photoredox ruthenium catalysis by detailed computational and experimental mechanistic analysis.

Rhodium-Catalyzed Electrooxidative C-H Olefination of Benzamides.

Metal-catalyzed chelation-assisted C-H olefinations have emerged as powerful tools for the construction of functionalized alkenes. Herein, we describe the rhoda-electrocatalyzed C-H activation/alkenylation of arenes. The olefinations of challenging electron-poor benzamides were thus accomplished in a fully dehydrogenative fashion under electrochemical conditions, avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants, and with H as the only byproduct.

Nickela-electrocatalyzed Mild C-H Alkylations at Room Temperature.

Direct alkylations of carboxylic acid derivatives are challenging and particularly nickel catalysis commonly requires high reaction temperatures and strong bases, translating into limited substrate scope. Herein, nickel-catalyzed C-H alkylations of unactivated 8-aminoquinoline amides have been realized under exceedingly mild conditions, namely at room temperature, with a mild base and a user-friendly electrochemical setup. This electrocatalyzed C-H alkylation displays high functional group tolerance and is applicable to both the primary and secondary alkylation.

Nickela-electrocatalyzed C-H Alkoxylation with Secondary Alcohols: Oxidation-Induced Reductive Elimination at Nickel(III).

Nickela-electrooxidative C-H alkoxylations with challenging secondary alcohols were accomplished in a fully dehydrogenative fashion, thereby avoiding stoichiometric chemical oxidants, with H as the only stoichiometric byproduct. The nickela-electrocatalyzed oxygenation proved viable with various (hetero)arenes, including naturally occurring secondary alcohols, without racemization. Detailed mechanistic investigation, including DFT calculations and cyclovoltammetric studies of a well-defined C-H activated nickel(III) intermediate, suggest an oxidation-induced reductive elimination at nickel(III).

Cobaltaelectro-Catalyzed C-H Activation with Carbon Monoxide or Isocyanides.

Electrochemical oxidative C-H/N-H activations with isocyanides have been realized with a versatile cobalt catalyst. The widely applicable cobalt catalysis manifold further enabled electrooxidative C-H/N-H carbonylations with carbon monoxide under ambient conditions. The C-H functionalizations were efficiently realized with ample scope and outstanding functional group tolerance in a user-friendly undivided cell setup.

A microsimulation model projecting the health care costs for resistance to antibacterial drugs in Sweden.

Background: Previous studies have shown that increasing antibacterial resistance (ABR) globally will cause extensive morbidity, deaths and escalated health care costs.

Methods: To project economic consequences of resistance to antibacterial drugs for the Swedish health care sector, we used an individual-based microsimulation model, SESIM. Health care consumption was represented as increased numbers of hospital days, outpatient visits and contact tracing for individuals getting clinical infections or becoming asymptomatic carriers.

Catalyst- and Reagent-Free Electrochemical Azole C-H Amination.

Catalyst- and chemical oxidant-free electrochemical azole C-H aminations were accomplished via cross-dehydrogenative C-H/N-H functionalization. The catalyst-free electrochemical C-H amination proved feasible on azoles with high levels of efficacy and selectivity, avoiding the use of stoichiometric oxidants under ambient conditions. Likewise, the C(sp )-H nitrogenation proved viable under otherwise identical conditions.

Electrooxidative Rhodium-Catalyzed C-H/C-H Activation: Electricity as Oxidant for Cross-Dehydrogenative Alkenylation.

Rhodium(III) catalysis has enabled a plethora of oxidative C-H functionalizations, which predominantly employ stoichiometric amounts of toxic and/or expensive metal oxidants. In contrast, we herein describe the first electrochemical rhodium-catalyzed C-H activation that avoids hazardous chemical oxidants. Environmentally benign twofold C-H/C-H functionalizations were accomplished with weakly coordinating benzoic acids and benzamides, employing electricity as the terminal oxidant and generating H as the sole byproduct.

Antibiotic prescription and clinical management of common infections among general practitioners in Latvia, Lithuania, and Sweden: a pilot survey with a simple protocol.

Comparative information on diagnosis-related antibiotic prescribing patterns are scarce from primary care within and between countries. To describe and compare antibiotic prescription and routine management of infections in primary care in Latvia (LV), Lithuania (LT) and two study sites in Sweden (SE), a cross-sectional observational study on patients who consulted due to sypmtoms compatible with infection was undetraken. Infection and treatment was detected and recorded by physicians only.

High Gastrointestinal Colonization Rate with Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hospitalized Patients: Emergence of Carbapenemase-Producing K. pneumoniae in Ethiopia.

We investigated the gastrointestinal colonization rate and antibiotic resistance patterns of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL)- producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae in hospitalized patients admitted at Ethiopia's largest tertiary hospital. Fecal samples/swabs from 267 patients were cultured on chrome agar. ESBL.

Repeated nationwide point-prevalence surveys of antimicrobial use in Swedish hospitals: data for actions 2003-2010.

This study sought to analyse antimicrobial pressure, indications for treatment, and compliance with treatment recommendations and to identify possible problem areas where inappropriate use could be improved through interventions by the network of the local Swedish Strategic Programme Against Antibiotic Resistance (Strama) groups. Five point-prevalence surveys were performed in between 49 and 72 participating hospitals from 2003 to 2010. Treatments were recorded for 19 predefined diagnosis groups and whether they were for community-acquired infection, hospital-acquired infection, or prophylaxis.

Searching for the Optimal Sampling Solution: Variation in Invertebrate Communities, Sample Condition and DNA Quality.

There is a great demand for standardising biodiversity assessments in order to allow optimal comparison across research groups. For invertebrates, pitfall or flight-interception traps are commonly used, but sampling solution differs widely between studies, which could influence the communities collected and affect sample processing (morphological or genetic). We assessed arthropod communities with flight-interception traps using three commonly used sampling solutions across two forest types and two vertical strata.

A pilot study of risk adjustment for benchmarking antibiotic use between hospitals in Sweden.

There is no established standard for comparing overall antibiotic use between hospitals taking patient characteristics into account. The objective of this study was to investigate whether there is a correlation between surrogate markers for patient morbidity, namely case mix index (CMI), mean length of hospital stay (LoS) and mean cost per admission, and antibiotic use in a sample of Swedish hospitals. All primary and secondary hospitals in three counties with high and three counties with low consumption of antibiotics were selected.

Outbreaks of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among staff and dogs in Swedish small animal hospitals.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) was found in a dog for the first time in Sweden in 2006. Between October 2006 and May 2007, MRSA was diagnosed in 7 more dogs that had been treated in 3 different small animal hospitals, located 150-200 km apart, in different counties of Sweden. Screening of the animal hospital staff and environment in these small animal hospitals showed 20 of 152 staff to be positive for MRSA, with rates between 2% and 18% in the different hospitals, while all 128 environmental samples were negative.

How is nursing care for stroke patients organised? Nurses' views on best practices.

Aim: To describe staff nurses' and charge nurses' perceptions of how to organise stroke care.

Background: Many elements are important for high quality care and stroke patients' ability to regain pre-stroke capacities. Among them is how nursing care is organised.