[Fecal incontinence - symptoms are guiding therapy].

Fecal incontinence (FI) is an escalating medical problem. Due to increasing life expectancy FI becomes more evident, especially in the geriatric population. The prevalence varies from 4 % in the adult population reaching > 50 % in the octogenerians, yet most probably associated with a significant based error due to underreporting.

Ras/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling differentially regulate oncogenic ERG mediated transcription in prostate cells.

The TMPRSS2/ERG gene rearrangement occurs in 50% of prostate tumors and results in expression of the transcription factor ERG, which is normally silent in prostate cells. ERG expression promotes prostate tumor formation and luminal epithelial cell fates when combined with PI3K/AKT pathway activation, however the mechanism of synergy is not known. In contrast to luminal fates, expression of ERG alone in immortalized normal prostate epithelial cells promotes cell migration and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT).

Attention to breath sensations does not engage endogenous opioids to reduce pain.

The endogenous opioidergic system is critically involved in the cognitive modulation of pain. Slow-breathing-based techniques are widely used nonpharmacological approaches to reduce pain. Yet, the active mechanisms of actions supporting these practices are poorly characterized.

Oncogenic ETS Factors in Prostate Cancer.

Prostate cancer is unique among carcinomas in that a fusion gene created by a chromosomal rearrangement is a common driver of the disease. The TMPRSS2/ERG rearrangement drives aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factor ERG in 50% of prostate tumors. Similar rearrangements promote aberrant expression of the ETS family transcription factors ETV1 and ETV4 in another 10% of cases.

Phosphorylation of the oncogenic transcription factor ERG in prostate cells dissociates polycomb repressive complex 2, allowing target gene activation.

In ∼50% of prostate cancers, chromosomal rearrangements cause the fusion of the promoter and 5'-UTR of the androgen-regulated (, ) gene to the open reading frame of , encoding an ETS family transcription factor. This fusion results in expression of full-length or N-terminally truncated ERG protein in prostate epithelia. ERG is not expressed in normal prostate epithelia, but when expressed, it promotes tumorigenesis via altered gene expression, stimulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cellular migration/invasion, and transformation.

German S3 guidelines: anal abscess and fistula (second revised version).

Background: The incidence of anal abscess and fistula is relatively high, and the condition is most common in young men.

Methods: This is a revised version of the German S3 guidelines first published in 2011. It is based on a systematic review of pertinent literature.

Results of the Gore Bio-A fistula plug implantation in the treatment of anal fistula: a multicentre study.

Background: The aim of this prospective study was to determine the efficiency of the Gore Bio-A synthetic plug in the treatment of anal fistulas.

Methods: A synthetic bioabsorbable anal fistula plug was implanted in 60 patients. All fistulas were transsphincteric and cryptoglandular in origin.

[The anal fistula disease and abscess].

There are two forms of anal fistulas arising from its pathogenesis: the acute stage is the abscess, whereas the chronic stage is the fistula in ano. The classification of the fistula in ano is named after Parks. Pathogenesis and classification are explained.

Serum free prostate specific antigen: isoenzymes in benign hyperplasia and cancer of the prostate.

Prostate specific antigen (PSA) in serum of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) or prostate cancer (P-CA) not bound to alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (ACT) was analyzed by chromatofocusing. The procedure allowed the simultaneous separation of complexed and free PSA and the fractionation of the free PSA fraction into several isoenzymes. The detection of the isoenzymes was strongly dependent on the combination of antibodies introduced in the applied commercially available immunoassays (Cobas Core, Delfia).

In vivo and in vitro complex formation of prostate specific antigen with alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin.

Complex formation of prostate specific antigen (PSA) with its inhibitor alpha 1-anti-chymotrypsin (ACT) in vivo and in vitro was studied. Patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were treated with the computer assisted device "Prostatron." This instrument acts by means of thermal destruction of prostatic tissue.

[Obstetric complications, incidence and indications of cesarean section in uterus myomatosus].

An increasing percentage of patients with uterine leiomyomas was observed in the Department of Obstetrics, University of Freiburg, on comparing the years 1970-79 (0.25%) and 1980-89 (0.64%).

[Sonographic acute and follow-up diagnosis after blunt abdominal trauma].

Experience with ultrasonographic acute and follow-up diagnostic as noninvasive imaging procedure for blunt abdominal trauma was analysed in a retrospective study. Between 1986 and 1989 166 organ lesions were noticed in 440 patients with clinically regarded diagnosis of a blunt abdominal trauma. 107 patients were laparotomised.

[Postoperative hemorrhage].

Postoperative hemorrhage is the second most frequent indication for early relaparotomy. The incidence depends on the level of care in a given hospital. It is highest, therefore, in institutions delivering maximal care with many trauma cases.

[Injuries of the small and large intestine following blunt abdominal trauma].

From 1979 to 1987 1428 patients with blunt abdominal trauma were treated in the Department of Surgery of the University of Freiburg; 119 patients had intestinal injuries. They were mainly young adults who had sustained a car accident. 71.

[Blunt abdominal trauma: practical diagnostic strategy].

The principal aim of a practical diagnostic strategy is rapidly identify the organ injury following blunt abdominal trauma. A general diagnostic strategy and special technical investigations are described and their relative values discussed. From 1 January 1986 to 31 December 1989, 440 patients were treated for blunt abdominal trauma which had resulted in 166 organ injuries.

[Ultrasound diagnosis following blunt abdominal trauma. Sonography in acute and follow-up diagnosis].

Experience with ultrasonography as a non-invasive imaging procedure for acute and follow-up diagnostic evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma was analysed in a retrospective study. Between 1980 and 1988, more than 2,000 ultrasonographic investigations were performed for blunt abdominal trauma; 246 patients were laparotomized. Retrospectively, false results based on ultrasonography were less than 1% of all cases, so that the sole use of ultrasonographic diagnosis and the non-use of peritoneal lavage seems justified in cases of blunt abdominal trauma.

[The effectiveness of sonography in preoperative thyroid diagnosis].

Real time sonography is the main method used to distinguish between diffuse and focal pathological variations in the thyroid gland. It always detects the presence of the cysts, thus obviating the need for scintigraphy. The sensitivity of sonography for the thyroid nodules is nearly 100%, whereas its specificity is only 60%.