Infertility and risk of ovarian cancer in the women's health initiative.

Purpose: There is a consistent relationship with greater ovulation frequency and increased risk of ovarian cancer. However, prior research on infertility, which may be associated with ovulation frequency through multiple mechanisms, and ovarian cancer has yielded conflicting results, possibly due to prior research conflating fertility treatment with infertility and restricting follow-up to premenopausal cases. Our objective was to determine the association between infertility and risk of postmenopausal ovarian cancer, overall and by histotype, in a population that had not received treatment with IVF.

Cervicovaginal microbiome and natural history of Chlamydia trachomatis in adolescents and young women.

This study investigated the cervicovaginal microbiome's (CVM's) impact on Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection among Black and Hispanic adolescent and young adult women. A total of 187 women with incident CT were matched to 373 controls, and the CVM was characterized before, during, and after CT infection. The findings highlight that a specific subtype of bacterial vaginosis (BV), identified from 16S rRNA gene reads using the molBV algorithm and community state type (CST) clustering, is a significant risk factor for CT acquisition.

Understanding human papillomavirus vaccine response and efficacy in people living with HIV: A systematic mixed studies review and meta-analysis.

Coinfection with human papillomavirus (HPV) and HIV compounds the risks of developing cervical, anal, and HPV-associated oral neoplasia. Safe prophylactic vaccines are available to prevent HPV infections in people with HIV(PWH). Yet, vaccine efficacy and duration of protection remain questionable.

Case-Control Study of Cervicovaginal Beta-/Gamma-HPV Infection in Women with HIV and Its Relation with Incident Cervical Precancer.

We studied cervicovaginal β-/γ-human papillomavirus (HPV) and their relationship to cervical precancer in women with HIV (WWH); having previously reported strong positive associations of β-/γ-HPV with incident head and neck cancer in the general population. Cases (N=124) had cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)-3 or CIN-2. Controls (N=247) were individually matched 2:1 to cases.

Metabolite Predictors of Breast and Colorectal Cancer Risk in the Women's Health Initiative.

Metabolomics has been used extensively to capture the exposome. We investigated whether prospectively measured metabolites provided predictive power beyond well-established risk factors among 758 women with adjudicated cancers [ = 577 breast (BC) and = 181 colorectal (CRC)] and = 758 controls with available specimens (collected mean 7.2 years prior to diagnosis) in the Women's Health Initiative Bone Mineral Density subcohort.

Menopausal Hormone Therapy and Ovarian and Endometrial Cancers: Long-Term Follow-Up of the Women's Health Initiative Randomized Trials.

Purpose: Menopausal hormone therapy's influence on ovarian and endometrial cancers remains unsettled. Therefore, we assessed the long-term influence of conjugated equine estrogen (CEE) plus medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and CEE-alone on ovarian and endometrial cancer incidence and mortality in the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Materials And Methods: Postmenopausal women, age 50-79 years, were entered on two randomized clinical trials evaluating different menopausal hormone therapy regimens.

Infertility and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in the women's health initiative.

Purpose: Although infertility (i.e., failure to conceive after ≥ 12 months of trying) is strongly correlated with established breast cancer risk factors (e.

Oncogenic Oral Human Papillomavirus Clearance Patterns over 10 Years.

Background: Effective screening for oropharyngeal cancer is lacking. Four oncogenic HPV clearance definitions were explored to understand long-term natural history for persistent oncogenic oral HPV (oncHPV), the precursor of oropharyngeal cancer.

Methods: Prospective multicenter cohort of participants living with/at-risk for HIV, with oral rinse and gargle samples collected every 6 to 12 months for up to 10 years and tested for oncHPV.

New-Onset Diabetes after an Obesity-Related Cancer Diagnosis and Survival Outcomes in the Women's Health Initiative.

Background: Individuals diagnosed with an obesity-related cancer (ORC survivors) are at an elevated risk of incident diabetes compared with cancer-free individuals, but whether this confers survival disadvantage is unknown.

Methods: We assessed the rate of incident diabetes in ORC survivors and evaluated the association of incident diabetes with all-cause and cancer-specific mortality among females with ORC in the Women's Health Initiative cohort (N = 14,651). Cox proportional hazards regression models stratified by exposure-risk periods (0-1, >1-3, >3-5, >5-7, and >7-10 years) from ORC diagnosis and time-varying exposure (diabetes) analyses were performed.

A novel human papillomavirus and host DNA methylation score and detection of cervical adenocarcinoma.

Background: The widespread introduction of Pap testing in the 1960s was followed by substantial reductions in the incidence of cervical squamous cell cancer (SCC). However, the incidence of cervical adenocarcinoma (ADC) did not decrease, likely because of low Pap test sensitivity for ADC and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS). This study assessed a novel human papillomavirus (HPV) and host DNA Methylation Score for AIS and ADC screening.

Prospective associations of hemoglobin A and c-peptide with risk of diabetes-related cancers in the Cancer Prevention Study-II Nutrition Cohort.

Self-reported type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for many cancers, suggesting its pathology relates to carcinogenesis. We conducted a case-cohort study to examine associations of hemoglobin A (HbA) and c-peptide with cancers associated with self-reported T2DM. This study was drawn from a prospective cohort of 32,383 women and men who provided blood specimens at baseline: c-peptide and HbA were assessed in 3,000 randomly selected participants who were cancer-free-at-baseline and an additional 2,281 participants who were cancer-free-at-baseline and subsequently diagnosed with incident colorectal, liver, pancreatic, female breast, endometrial, ovarian, bladder, or kidney cancers.

Diagnostic accuracy of cervical cancer screening strategies for high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+/CIN3+) among women living with HIV: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: We systematically reviewed the diagnostic accuracy of cervical cancer screening and triage strategies in women living with HIV (WLHIV).

Methods: Cochrane Library, Embase, Global Health and Medline were searched for randomised controlled trials, prospective or cross-sectional studies published from database inception to 15 July 2022 reporting diagnostic accuracy of tests in cervical cancer screening and triage of screen-positive WLHIV. Studies were included if they reported the diagnostic accuracy of any cervical cancer screening or triage strategies for the detection of histologically-confirmed high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN2+/CIN3+) among WLHIV.

Healthy lifestyle index and the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the Women's Health Initiative.

A relatively high healthy lifestyle index (HLI) score, representing a healthy diet, participation in moderate to vigorous physical exercise, no smoking, low to no alcohol intake and a normal body mass index, has been associated with a reduced risk of invasive breast cancer. However, no study has shown an association between the HLI and the risk of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast (DCIS), which is considered to be a nonobligate precursor of invasive breast cancer. We evaluated this association in a prospective cohort of 132 230 postmenopausal women, aged 50 to 79 years, recruited between 1993 and 1998 across the United States and enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative study.

Adiposity and breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women: Quantification of the mediating effects of leptin, C-reactive protein, fasting insulin, and estradiol.

Background: Mechanisms underlying the adiposity-cancer relationship are incompletely understood. We quantified the mediating roles of C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, fasting insulin, and estradiol in the effect of adiposity on estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast, endometrial, and colorectal cancer risk in postmenopausal women.

Methods: We used a case-cohort study within the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, analyzed as a cumulative sampling case-control study.

molBV reveals immune landscape of bacterial vaginosis and predicts human papillomavirus infection natural history.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a highly prevalent condition that is associated with adverse health outcomes. It has been proposed that BV's role as a pathogenic condition is mediated via bacteria-induced inflammation. However, the complex interplay between vaginal microbes and host immune factors has yet to be clearly elucidated.

Molecular profiling of breast and lung cancer in women with HIV reveals high tumor mutational burden.

Objective: This study compared the mutation profile and tumor mutational burden (TMB) in women with HIV (WWH) diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (n = 8) or breast ductal neoplasm (n = 13) who were enrolled into the Women's Interagency HIV Study (WIHS).

Design: Previous studies tended to focus on single institutions based on sample availability. This study is based on a representative, multicenter cohort that represents the racial and ethnic composition of women with HIV in the United States.

Relationship of Vitamin D Deficiency and Fatty Liver in Children as Defined by Multiple Imaging and Histologic Endpoints.

Objectives: The relationship between vitamin D deficiency (VDD) and pediatric nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) remains uncertain due to conflicting results and few studies with histologic endpoints. We therefore used multiple imaging and histologic NAFLD endpoints to more comprehensively assess the association between VDD and NAFLD in a large pediatric population.

Methods: Data were obtained from an ongoing pediatric NAFLD study in Bronx, NY.

Incidence and Types of Human Papillomavirus Infections in Adolescent Girls and Young Women Immunized With the Human Papillomavirus Vaccine.

Importance: Rates of human papillomavirus (HPV) infection have decreased since the introduction of HPV vaccines in populations with high vaccine uptake. Data are limited for adolescent and young adult populations in US metropolitan centers.

Objective: To determine HPV infection rates in adolescent girls and young women aged 13 to 21 years in New York City following HPV vaccination.

Frequency of high-grade squamous cervical lesions among women over age 65 years living with HIV.

Background: Current US cervical cancer screening guidelines recommend screening cessation at the age of 65 years provided women have adequate previous screening and no history of precancer. Women living with HIV are at higher risk of cervical cancer than women living without HIV. Furthermore, limited data exists to quantify the risk of cervical cancer among women who otherwise would qualify for screening cessation.

Sex Hormones, Insulin, and Insulin-like Growth Factors in Recurrence of High-Stage Endometrial Cancer.

Background: The influence of sex hormone and insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis signaling on endometrial cancer recurrence is unknown. We evaluated these pathways in a prospective cohort of Gynecologic Oncology Group (GOG)0210 trial endometrial adenocarcinoma patients.

Methods: Stage II-IV patients ( = 816) were included in this study.

The relationship of human papillomavirus and cytology co-testing results with endometrial and ovarian cancer diagnoses.

Background: To investigate whether routine cervical screening using human papillomavirus (HPV) and cytology co-testing effectively identifies women with endometrial (EC) or ovarian (OvC) cancer.

Methods: In 2003, Kaiser Permanente Northern California implemented triennial co-testing in women aged ≥30 years. Index screening results (n = 2,385,729) were linked to subsequent EC (n = 3434) and OvC (n = 1113) diagnoses from January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2017.

Association of liver enzymes with incident diabetes in US Hispanic/Latino adults.

Introduction: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been associated with increased risk of incident diabetes. But such evidence is lacking in the Hispanic/Latino population, which has high prevalence of obesity and NAFLD.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 6,928 adults of Hispanic/Latino background who had no diabetes, did not report excessive alcohol use, and no hepatitis B and C infection at baseline (2008-2011).

Long-term Persistence of Oral HPV Over 7 Years of Follow-up.

Background: Human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal cancer (HPV-OPC) incidence is increasing, but the natural history of the precursor-oral HPV-has not been well described.

Methods: This observational cohort study of people living with HIV and at-risk HIV uninfected people evaluated participants semiannually using 30-second oral rinse and gargle specimens over 7 years. Initially, 447 participants were followed for 4 years as part of the Persistent Oral Papillomavirus Study, and a subset of 128 who showed persistent infections at the last Persistent Oral Papillomavirus Study visit had an additional visit, as part of the Men and Women Understanding Throat HPV Study, on average 2.

Primary HPV and Molecular Cervical Cancer Screening in US Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus.

Background: Primary human papillomavirus (HPV) screening (PHS) utilizes oncogenic human papillomavirus (oncHPV) testing as the initial cervical cancer screening method and typically, if positive, additional reflex-triage (eg, HPV16/18-genotyping, Pap testing). While US guidelines support PHS usage in the general population, PHS has been little studied in women living with HIV (WLWH).

Methods: We enrolled n = 865 WLWH (323 from the Women's Interagency HIV Study [WIHS] and 542 from WIHS-affiliated colposcopy clinics).