Host Barriers Limit Viral Spread in a Spillover Host: A Study of Deformed Wing Virus in the Bumblebee .

The transmission of pathogens from reservoir to recipient host species, termed pathogen spillover, can profoundly impact plant, animal, and public health. However, why some pathogens lead to disease emergence in a novel species while others fail to establish or do not elicit disease is often poorly understood. There is strong evidence that deformed wing virus (DWV), an (+)ssRNA virus, spills over from its reservoir host, the honeybee , into the bumblebee .

Experimental cross species transmission of a major viral pathogen in bees is predominantly from honeybees to bumblebees.

Cross-species transmission of a pathogen from a reservoir to a recipient host species, spillover, can have major impacts on biodiversity, domestic species and human health. (DWV) is a panzootic RNA virus in honeybees that is causal in their elevated colony losses, and several correlative field studies have suggested spillover of DWV from managed honeybees to wild bee species such as bumblebees. Yet unequivocal demonstration of DWV spillover is lacking, while spillback, the transmission of DWV from a recipient back to the reservoir host, is rarely considered.

The Gut Microbiota Can Provide Viral Tolerance in the Honey Bee.

Adult honey bees host a remarkably consistent gut microbial community that is thought to benefit host health and provide protection against parasites and pathogens. Currently, however, we lack experimental evidence for the causal role of the gut microbiota in protecting the Western honey bees () against their viral pathogens. Here we set out to fill this knowledge gap by investigating how the gut microbiota modulates the virulence of a major honey bee viral pathogen, deformed wing virus (DWV).

Experimental infection of bumblebees with honeybee-associated viruses: no direct fitness costs but potential future threats to novel wild bee hosts.

Pathogen spillover represents an important cause of biodiversity decline. For wild bee species such as bumblebees, many of which are in decline, correlational data point towards viral spillover from managed honeybees as a potential cause. Yet, impacts of these viruses on wild bees are rarely evaluated.

[Multifocal Vitelliform Retinal Lesion].

The authors present retrospective follow up of patient with bilateral multifocal vitelliform retinal lesion during the 18 years period. At this time, spontaneous improvement of objective picture on retina and subjective visual troubles was observed. It is probable, that this case is a part of the same symptom complex as a variant of Best´s hereditary disease.

[Clinical variability of Best's disease].

Retrospective view of the various phenotypes 20 persons affected by classic solitary form of vitelliform macular dystrophy, in 3 pedigrees with autosomal dominant transmission and in 4 single cases. Long-term monitoring allows to observe the variability of expression, from classic course to peculiarity of the clinical expression in the disc development and their corresponding functions of the central retina.

[Retinitis septica Roth--a case report].

We report of a case of retinitis septica in a 37-years old man one month after his tooth's extraction. Because of decreased right eye's central vision and a presence of typical retinal Roth's spots we called internists for a possibility of bacterial endocarditis. Cardiologic examination confirmed this disease together with aortal valve's defect.

[Spontaneous premacular hemorrhage].

Purpose: Among the great amount of etiologically heterogeneous group of general and specific eye diseases, a solitary, spontaneous, unilateral retinal hemorrhage restricted to the macula in young adults can be regarded as an entity.

Methods: Twelve eyes were phakic, emmetropic (including minor non corrected astigmatic errors) and were seen over a period of 5 years. All patients had a complete ophthalmologic examination with special analysis of history of direct or indirect trauma, additional medical work-up to exclude hematological disorders, and fluorescein angiography examinations up to the complete blood resolution.

[Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification].

Idiopathic sclerochoroidal calcification is an uncommon ocular entity that manifests as calcium deposits in the mid-peripheral choroid and sclera. It is typical for older patients, without disturbances of visual functions, with low progression and almost no complications. Clinical characteristics, diagnostic laboratory tests, ancillary imaging techniques and systemic associations are discussed in this paper.

[Iris racemose vascular anomalies].

Authors present 7 rare iris racemose vascular anomalies that were discovered by biomicroscopy during routine ocular examination. The morphology, clinical features and iris circulation of these cases are documented by iris fluoroangiography. They also report common features, some specific details of arrangement and classification criteria.

[Bilateral retinal vasculitis with arterial aneurysms].

The authors reported unusual and rare condition of bilateral retinal vasculitis primarily affecting the central retinal artery at the nerve head and its 4 main branches. The most striking feature was the presence of the diffuse vitreous cells, occlusion of branch retinal artery, segmental periarterial infiltration, arterial sheating, retinal arterial aneurysms, disc swelling, peripheral retinal non perfusion and their complications. During 13 year's observation and treatment one eye went blind 3 years after initial examination.

Arteriovenous malformation of the iris in 14 cases.

Objective: To report the clinical and fluorescein angiography features of arteriovenous (AV) malformation of the iris.

Patients And Methods: We reviewed the medical records and photographs of our patients with iris AV malformation. The iris lesion was classified as simple if the blood vessel made a loop only and complex if it made intertwining convolutions.

[Retinal and retinal pigment epithelium hamartoma].

Authors present four patients with combined hamartoma of the retina and retinal pigment epithelium who were observed for a period of 10 years. The significance of this entity lies primarily in its resemblance to malignant condition of the retina and choroid and in the vizual reduction. Clinical finding, diagnosis, natural history, histopathology, association with other diseases and therapy are discussed in this report as well.

[Retinal vascular complications in systemic lupus erythematosus].

An analysis of three women with retinal vaso-occlusive disease in systemic lupus erythematosus produced evidence for this most severe ophthalmic complication during the acute phase of the syndrome. Vaso-occlusive retinopathy appeared 5 years after the onset of systemic symptomatology in all of them. Association of central nervous system lupus and circulating anti-coagulants with increased occurrence of severe retinal vaso-occlusive disease are the subject of the present report.

[Isolated and combined occlusion of the cilioretinal artery and the central retinal vein].

Cilioretinal artery occlusion is rare pathological condition because of infrequent occurrence of the cilioretinal artery in the human retina. It presents as an isolated entity, or as a combined cilioretinal artery--central retinal vascular, mostly venous occlusion. Authors present the course, angiographic features, prognosis, risk factors and final outcome of the isolated cilioretinal artery occlusion and combined cilioretinal artery--central retinal vein occlusion.

[Kraupa's retinal vein (case reports)].

The authors describe four cases of rare and yet little known anomaly of the central retinal vein trunc exit on optical disc. All the anomalies occurred in myopic eyes with higher refractive errors. They did not cause of any retinal and choroidal vascular disturbances.

[Surgical treatment of pigmented tumors of the iris and iridociliary region].

The authors present a group of six patients with pigmented tumours of the iris and the iridocorneal angle where they performed excision of the tumour by iridectomy (3 patients) or iridiocycletomyy (3 patients). In all six patients with a pigmented tumour of the iris an impaired blood-ocular fluid barrier was found and colouration of the tumour mass by fluorescein. In one patient a heavily pigmented tumour was detected which masked the vascular network.

[Angiography of the iris in the diagnosis of pigmented tumors of the anterior uvea].

Authors present their observation of 28 pigmented tumors of the iris and iridociliary region during 8 years. While deciding whether to continue in observation or to indicate surgery, they were concentrated on observation of blood supply's abnormalities of pigmented mass and defect of blood-aqueous barrier during the iris angiography. Melanoma--mostly celullar type of high malignity--was confirmed in 11 cases, pigmented meduloepithelioma in 1 case, pigmented naevus in 2 cases out of 14 patients indicated for surgery.

Mutations in the VHL tumor suppressor gene and associated lesions in families with von Hippel-Lindau disease from central Europe.

von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) disease is a dominantly inherited familial cancer syndrome predisposing to retinal, cerebellar and spinal hemangioblastoma, renal cell carcinoma (RCC), pheochromocytoma and pancreatic tumors. Clinically two types of the disease can be distinguished: VHL type 1 (without pheochromocytoma) and VHL type 2 (with pheochromocytoma). We report VHL germline mutations and trends in phenotypic variation in families from central Europe.

[Tortuous retinal vessels].

The authors observed an occurrence of tortuosity of retinal vessels from the group of 5,000 investigations of an ocular fundus. Elimination of all local reasons or symptoms of general diseases, even in spite of the great possibility of modification of this feature, three characteristic types were found. In two of them the familiar and hereditary occurrence was proved.

[Abnormal vessels in the iris in angiographic imaging].

During the examination of 210 eyes with blue irises by fluorescein angiography a few unusual vascular formations of the course, filling and caliber were revealed. Authors have divided them into four groups by similar angiographic pictures. Possible capillary haemangioma in connection with syndrome Sturge-Weber from the third group and angioma racemosum from the fourth group of examined irises are considered to be abnormal vessels.

[Hamartomas of the optic disc and adjacent retina].

The authors discuss some formations on the optic disk and close neighbourhood resembling tumours. They originate from various cellular elements in that area and are described as hamartomas. A progressive growth was recorded only in vascular hamartomas after unsuccessful therapeutic intervention, the remainder were stationary during observation periods of various lengths.

[Early stages of angiomatosis of the retina and optic nerve disk].

Based on 13 years observations of three generations of relatives with v. Hippel-Lindau's disease the authors focus attention on early stages of clinically detectable retinal angiomatosis. They supplement these findings by an angioma on the optic disc in one sporadic case.

[Differentiation and prognosis of colloidal retinal dystrophy].

The authors investigated in a prospective investigation 27 patients of different age groups for 5 to 12 years with symmetrical, bilateral non-hereditary retinal drusen. The examination was focused on assessment of different types of drusen, on evaluation of the development and incidence of risk factors leading to complications and loss of central vision. The latter include the part of the spectrum of pathological manifestations in higher age groups which are included in the category of senile macular degeneration.