expression in skeletal muscle in relationship with insulin sensitivity in normal-weight and obese volunteers.

Objectives: Retinoid X receptors (RXRs) are nuclear hormone receptors (NRs) functioning as transcription factors. There are three RXR isoforms: RXRA (NR2B1), RXRB (NR2B2), and RXRG (NR2B3). RXRs serve as master regulators of gene networks governing cell growth, differentiation, survival, and death.

The effect of diet-induced weight-loss on subcutaneous adipose tissue expression of genes associated with thyroid hormone action.

Background & Aims: We have recently demonstrated that subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of genes associated with thyroid hormone (TH) action is altered in obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of the present study was to examine the effect of diet-induced weight-loss on SAT expression of genes associated with TH action.

Methods: The study group comprised 38 individuals with overweight/obesity, which completed 12-week dietary intervention program.

The expression of NFAT family genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue before and after weight loss in obese individuals.

Background And Aims: Adipose tissue (AT) serves as a vital energy storage site and plays a pivotal role in metabolic regulation, exhibiting a high response to insulin. Impairment in this response may closely associate with obesity, and NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) family genes may be involved in the process. However, human data linking NFAT and AT remains elusive.

Weight-Reducing Dietary Intervention Increases the Ability of Hyperinsulinemia to Suppress Serum Ghrelin Concentration in Individuals with Obesity.

Background: Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide secreted mainly by the stomach. Serum ghrelin concentrations are suppressed after a meal, probably due to insulin release. Individuals with obesity are characterized by a lower fasting serum ghrelin and a lower ghrelin decrease after a meal.

The Ca2+/Calmodulin-dependent Calcineurin/NFAT Signaling Pathway in the Pathogenesis of Insulin Resistance in Skeletal Muscle.

Skeletal muscle is the tissue directly involved in insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. Glucose is the primary energy substrate for contracting muscles, and proper metabolism of glucose is essential for health. Contractile activity and the associated Casignaling regulate functional capacity and muscle mass.

Interleukin-38 and Insulin Resistance.

Insulin resistance, i.e., decreased biological response to insulin, is a risk factor for many diseases, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2DM), cardiovascular disease, polycystic ovary syndrome, some forms of cancer and neurodegenerative diseases.

Subcutaneous adipose tissue circadian gene expression: Relationship with insulin sensitivity, obesity, and the effect of weight-reducing dietary intervention.

Objective: The circadian rhythms are controlled by the central clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei and by the peripheral clocks in tissues, including adipose tissue. The adipose tissue circadian clock may be associated with the regulation of insulin action; however, human data are limited. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression of subcutaneous adipose tissue circadian genes as they relate to obesity and insulin sensitivity before and after diet-induced weight loss.

Skeletal muscle integrin expression in non-obese men with varying degrees of insulin sensitivity.

The remodeling of skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) components is related to the degree of insulin resistance (IR). Membrane receptors such as integrins provide two-way signaling ("inside-out" and "outside-in" signaling) between ECM components of skeletal muscle (e.g.

Link between insulin resistance and skeletal muscle extracellular matrix remodeling.

Skeletal muscle is the main metabolic tissue responsible for glucose homeostasis in the body. It is surrounded by the extracellular matrix (ECM) consisting of three layers: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. ECM plays an important role in the muscle, as it provides integrity and scaffolding cells.

Changes in Adipose Tissue Gene Expression of the Core Components of the Hippo Signaling Pathway in Young Adults with Uncomplicated Overweight or Obesity Following Weight Loss.

Background: Appropriate adipogenesis leads to the "healthy" expansion of adipose tissue and is a crucial component in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The Hippo signaling network may balance adipocyte proliferation/differentiation regulating adipogenic footpath.

Objectives: Our study aimed to assess subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) expression of genes involved in Hippo signaling network in subjects with marked overweight or obesity after dietary intervention (DI) in relation to obesity and insulin sensitivity.

Skeletal muscle RUNX1 is related to insulin sensitivity through its effect on myogenic potential.

Objective: Skeletal muscle is the major site of insulin action. There are limited data on the relationship between insulin action and skeletal muscle myogenic/regenerative potential. RUNX1 is a transcription factor which plays a role in muscle development and regeneration.

The relationships between FLAIS, a novel insulin sensitivity index, and cardiovascular risk factors in a population-based study.

Background: Insulin resistance is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Recently, we have developed a novel index, FLAIS (Fasting Laboratory Assessment of Insulin Sensitivity), which accurately reflects insulin sensitivity, measured with hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, in different groups of subjects. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship of FLAIS with cardiovascular risk factors in a population-based study.

Relation of adipose tissue and skeletal muscle FKBP5 expression with insulin sensitivity and the regulation of FKBP5 by insulin and free fatty acids.

Purpose: Recent studies suggest that FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP51), a negative regulator of glucocorticoid response, encoded by FKBP5, may influence insulin action. The aim of the present study was to assess the relationship between subcutaneous adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle FKBP5 expression in relation to insulin sensitivity in healthy individuals and to study its regulation by insulin and circulating free fatty acid (FFA) elevation.

Methods: The study group comprised 96 male subjects, 49 normal-weight and 47 overweight/obese.

Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle Expression of Genes Associated with Thyroid Hormone Action in Obesity and Insulin Resistance.

Thyroid hormone (TH) regulates metabolic pathways which may interfere with insulin action. There is limited knowledge on adipose tissue (AT) and skeletal muscle (SM) expression of genes associated with TH action in relation to insulin sensitivity. The aim of this study was to analyze AT and SM expression of the genes associated with TH action in subjects with different degree of insulin sensitivity and the regulation of these genes by insulin and free fatty acids (FFA).

Novel Laboratory Index, Based on Fasting Blood Parameters, Accurately Reflects Insulin Sensitivity.

Context: Simple and reliable measurement of insulin sensitivity may be important for the prevention of insulin-resistance-related diseases. Surrogate indices of insulin sensitivity are of limited utility in population without signs of metabolic syndrome.

Objective: The aim of our study was to provide simple and accurate index of insulin sensitivity.

Serum and adipose tissue chemerin is differentially related to insulin sensitivity.

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess serum chemerin concentration and s.c. adipose tissue (SAT) chemerin expression in relation to insulin sensitivity and obesity in young healthy subjects.

Changes in adipose tissue lipolysis gene expression and insulin sensitivity after weight loss.

Objective: Insulin resistance is a major pathophysiological link between obesity and its metabolic complications. Weight loss (WL) is an effective tool to prevent obesity-related diseases; however, the mechanisms of an improvement in insulin sensitivity (IS) after weight-reducing interventions are not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to analyze the relationships between IS and adipose tissue (AT) expression of the genes involved in the regulation of lipolysis in obese subjects after WL.

The effect of moderate weight loss, with or without (1, 3)(1, 6)-β-glucan addition, on subcutaneous adipose tissue inflammatory gene expression in young subjects with uncomplicated obesity.

Purpose: Obesity is characterized by insulin resistance and low-grade systemic and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation. It remains unclear whether beneficial effects of weight loss are related to AT inflammation. We aimed to assess the effect of weight loss during low-calorie diet on insulin sensitivity, AT expression of genes associated with inflammation in young subjects with obesity.

Wnt Signaling Genes in Adipose Tissue and Skeletal Muscle of Humans With Different Degrees of Insulin Sensitivity.

Context: The β-catenin-dependent Wnt signaling plays a role in adipogenesis, myogenesis, and glucose homeostasis.

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess adipose tissue and skeletal muscle expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling genes in a young healthy population according to insulin sensitivity and its regulation by hyperinsulinemia and free fatty acids.

Design: We examined 117 male volunteers.

Obesity Is Associated With Gene Expression and Imaging Markers of Iron Accumulation in Skeletal Muscle.

Context: Different genetic and imaging iron markers are known to be increased in the liver, adipose tissue, and brain of obese subjects.

Objective: We aimed to investigate these markers in human skeletal muscle. DESIGN, SETTING, PATIENTS, AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Markers of iron accumulation were measured in three different territories: Iron gene markers (TFRC1, TF, SLC11A2, FTL, FTH1, and SLC40A1) were studied in abdominal rectus abdominis (Cohort 1, n = 26) and quadriceps (Cohort 2, n = 13) muscle using real-time PCR, whereas paravertebral muscle R2* signal (as surrogate of iron content) (Cohort 3, n = 43) was evaluated by means of magnetic resonance imaging.

Relationship Between Serum IL-12 and p40 Subunit Concentrations and Lipid Parameters in Overweight and Obese Women.

Background: Obesity is a chronic low-grade inflammatory state associated with the development of insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and atherosclerosis. Interleukin-12 (IL-12) is a proinflammatory cytokine composed of a 40-kD (p40) subunit and a 35-kD (p35) subunit. p40 might have an independent role in initiating the immune response.

[The role of SIRT1 in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle].

Skeletal muscle insulin resistance manifests as a decreased ability of insulin to stimulate glucose uptake in consequence of an impairment in its intracellular signaling. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1), which belongs to the family of sirtuins (Sir2; silent information regulator 2 protein) participates in the regulation of skeletal muscle glucose and lipid metabolism. Experimental studies indicate that SIRT1 may play a role in the pathogenesis of skeletal muscle insulin resistance.