[Diagnosis of choroidal nevus following multiple intravitreal anti-VEGF injections (case study)].

This article describes a clinical case of a female patient with choroidal nevus, who was previously diagnosed in another clinic with "subretinal neovascular membrane as a result of central serous chorioretinopathy" and subsequently underwent multiple intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Based on the analysis of OCT angiography images, the macular changes in this case were interpreted as a polypoidal form of neovascularization in a patient with subfoveolar choroidal nevus.

[Isolated primary vitreoretinal lymphoma (case report)].

This case report presents the diagnostic features of isolated primary intraocular lymphoma, which was initially misdiagnosed as neovascular age-related macular degeneration. A comprehensive examination using ultrasound, optical coherence tomography, and fundus autofluorescence revealed changes characteristic of vitreoretinal lymphoma. Molecular genetic analysis of the vitreous body showed the presence of a MYD88 gene mutation and B-cell clonality by immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGH) gene rearrangement tests, which confirmed the diagnosis.

[Predicting the effectiveness of organ-preserving treatment of choroidal melanoma using optical coherence tomography data].

Unlabelled: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is currently widely used for the diagnosis of choroidal melanoma (CM), but the problem of predicting the outcomes of planned CM treatment remains unsolved.

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify OCT signs that adversely affect the outcome of organ-preserving CM treatment.

Material And Methods: OCT scan images of 30 patients who underwent organ-preserving treatment and were under observation were selected for this study.

[Multimodal diagnostics of retinal cavernous hemangioma].

Cavernous hemangioma of the retina - a rarely occurring hamartoma that is predominantly found in the young age; it can be accompanied by cavernous hemangiomas of the skin and central nervous system. In Russian scientific literature this disease has not been described in sufficient detail. The article presents two clinical cases of incidentally diagnosed cavernous hemangioma of the retina.

[OCT classification of choroidal nevi].

Unlabelled: Choroidal nevi (CN) are commonly divided into non-suspicious (stable) and suscpicious (progressive). However, there are still no clear data on OCT patterns of nevi progression, their transformation into initial melanomas.

Purpose: The study aims to determine the types of OCT patterns of CN and to evaluate their prognostic value.

[Multimodal algorithm for differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like diseases of the ocular fundus].

Diagnosing pathologies of the ocular fundus and performing differential diagnosis of intraocular tumors along with conventional ophthalmoscopy can involve additional visualization methods such as ultrasonography, fluorescein angiography and optical coherence tomography (OCT). Many researchers note the importance of employing a multimodal approach in differential diagnosis of intraocular tumors, but there is no universally established algorithm for a rational choice of both the combination of visualizing methods, and the sequence of their application with consideration of the ophthalmoscopy findings and the results of first-line diagnostic methods. The article presents author's own multimodal algorithm developed for differential diagnosis of tumors and tumor-like diseases of the ocular fundus.

[Hemangiomas of the optic nerve head].

The article presents five cases of various forms of hemangiomas of the optic nerve head (ONH) and juxtapapillary retina that were monitored and analyzed using ocular visualization methods. The obtained data allowed a conclusion that capillary hemangioma of the ONH features clearly-seen boundaries of the lesion both on ophthalmoscopy and optical coherence tomography (OCT) images; on the other hand, juxtapapillary granuloma can be characterized by blurred outlines on ophthalmoscopy and a gradual transition of the altered retina on OCT images with secondary changes seen in the macular area. When comorbid, capillary hemangioma of the ONH and retina feature a combination of these visualization signs.

[Evaluation of the effectiveness of organ preservation treatment of choroidal melanomas by optical coherence tomography findings].

Unlabelled: Achieving local tumor control is generally considered to be the criterion of effectiveness of organ preservation treatment. In most cases it can be assessed by ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography. However, in presence of pigmentation areas, it can be difficult to interpret the ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography findings.

[Transformation of choroidal nevus into melanoma].

Unlabelled: The risk of choroidal melanoma developing from choroidal nevus (CN) varies in range of 0.78-7%. Absence of a common terminology and distinct diagnostic criteria characterizing small melanoma and unusual CN often complicates treatment choice and patient prognosis.

[Results of optical coherence tomography angiography in choroidal melanoma].

Unlabelled: Blood supply is known to be required for tumor growth and metastasis, and the formation of the tumor's own vasculature plays a critical role in the development of solid neoplasms. The method of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is considered promising for the study of angioarchitectonics.

Purpose: To evaluate the OCTA signs of choroidal melanoma (CM) depending on its sizes.

[Tumor-like diseases and retinal hamartomas in ophthalmological practice].

The article provides a detailed review of the ophthalmoscopic picture, optical coherence tomography (OCT) of the retina and fundus autofluorescence in patients with such rare pathological processes in the fundus as torpedo maculopathy, retinal myelin fibers, retinal astrocytic hamartoma and cavernous hematoma.

[Diffuse choroidal hemangioma as a manifestation of Sturge-Weber syndrome (a clinical case study)].

Encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis (Sturge-Weber syndrome) is a congenital sporadic disease characterized by angiomatosis of meningeal vessels, facial and eye capillaries. The article presents a clinical case of comorbidity between monolateral skin angioma, ipsilateral conjunctival and choroidal angiomas without intraocular pressure elevation. The case is unusual due to asynchronous manifestation of the clinical signs of Sturge-Weber syndrome.

[Choroidal melanoma and retinal changes].

Unlabelled: Literary sources suggest the existence of a new phenotype - retinoinvasive choroidal melanoma (CM). However, the factual evidence of its spreading over the inner retinal surface cannot be dismissed.

Purpose: To study the capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT) in terms of finding the ways CM spreads into the retina based on pathomorphological examination of the eyes enucleated due to CM.

[Differential diagnosis of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal tumor (a clinical case)].

Differential diagnostics of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal tumor is a challenging task for ophthalmologists. Difficulties arise on various stages during establishing the diagnosis: when interpreting ophthalmoscopic picture, or when evaluating the results of visualization methods. The article describes a clinical case of differential diagnostics of age-related macular degeneration and choroidal tumor.

[Local choroiditis after influenza vaccination (a clinical case study)].

The article describes a difficult case of differential diagnosis of local choroiditis developed after influenza (flu) vaccination in a patient with bronchial asthma who receives systemic steroid therapy.

[Optical coherence tomography angiography in ophthalmic oncology].

The article reviews literature on various methods of optical coherence tomography (OCT). The review also describes clinical aspects of OCT angiography and its applications in ophthalmic oncology.

[Morphogenesis of choroidal melanomas in OCT imaging].

Unlabelled: When planning conservation therapy for choroidal melanoma (CM), evaluation of its size and stage is done using various methods of visualization, among which is optical coherence tomography (OCT). A recently introduced modification of OCT - Enhanced Depth Imaging (EDI) allows observation of deep choroid and sclera.

Purpose: To specify clinicomorphologic correlations between OCT signs related to CM and its pathomorphological state as described in literature.

[Torpedo macu-lopathy (clinical case)].

The article presents a clinical case of torpedo maculopathy. This congenital disorder is most likely to be caused by changes in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) during retinal fissure closure. Visual function is usually unaffected and the condition is revealed at routine ophthalmic examination in children and teens.

[Diagnostic imaging for sclerochoroidal calcifica-tion].

The article presents two clinical cases of sclerochoroidal calcification. This is a rare benign condition that usually does not display itself and is only occasionally diagnosed. It can also be accompanied by systemic disorder of mineral metabolism.

[Diagnostic potential of optical coherence tomography for small choroidal melanomas].

Aim: To investigate the sequence of OCT manifestations in choroidal melanoma (CM) with account to its growth.

Material And Methods: A total of 28 CM patients were examined. Of them, 18 patients with early CM, 10 - with medium-sized CM.

[Precise diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma].

Aim: to determine potential benefits of optical coherence tomography (OCT) for precise diagnosis of choroidal hemangioma (CH).

Material And Methods: A total of 27 patients (22 women, 5 men) with unilateral CH were examined. The age at diagnosis ranged from 30 to 76 years and averaged 53.

[Size-based classification of choroidal melanoma and its role in treatment decision-making].

Aim: To specify indications for brachytherapy (BT) in large choroidal melanoma (CM) so that tumor size and vital prognosis were considered.

Material And Methods: We retrospectively analyzed data from 161 CM patients who were treated with BT and followed-up at either the Ophthalmological Clinical Hospital or some other Moscow medical facility and also registered by the City Cancer Registry.

Results: Patient age at the time of starting the treatment lied within the range of 17 to 84 years and averaged 56.

[Diagnostic approach to choroidal metastases].

Unlabelled: Intraocular metastases account for 64-67% of all metastatic ocular tumors, of them 88-90.7% are found in the choroid. By the time the metastasis is diagnosed, 30-44% of patients usually have their primary lesion identified.

Hyaluronic Acid Gel Re-Injection for Enophthalmos Correction in Silent Sinus Syndrome.

A 43-year-old female with residual enophthalmos following functional endoscopic surgery (FESS) due to silent sinus syndrome (SSS) was initially successfully treated with a 2-ml intraorbital injection of hyaluronic acid gel (HAG). The enophthalmos partially recurred 22 months after the injection. HAG was re-injected with good functional and cosmetic results.

[Choroidal nevi: clinical features].

Unlabelled: The prevalence of choroidal nevi (CN) ranges from 1% to 10%. It may be hard to differentiate a small melanoma from an atypical ("malignatized") CN, which occupies an intermediate position between typical nevi and actual melanomas and can be referred to as "progressive" or "suspicious". The risk of malignant transformation of a CN ranges from 0.