Is Membrane Filtration Applicable for the Recovery of Biologically Active Substances from Spent Lavender?

This study explored the batch membrane filtration of 40% ethanol extracts from spent lavender, containing valuable compounds like rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, and luteolin, using a polyamide-urea thin film composite X201 membrane. Conducted at room temperature and 20 bar transmembrane pressure, the process demonstrated high efficiency, with rejection rates exceeding 98% for global antioxidant activity and 93-100% for absolute concentrations of the target components. During concentration, the permeate flux declined from 2.

Linear Interval Approximation of Sensor Characteristics with Inflection Points.

The popularity of smart sensors and the Internet of Things (IoT) is growing in various fields and applications. Both collect and transfer data to networks. However, due to limited resources, deploying IoT in real-world applications can be challenging.

Linear Interval Approximation for Smart Sensors and IoT Devices.

In this work, we introduce and use an innovative approach for adaptive piecewise linear interval approximation of sensor characteristics, which are differentiable functions. The aim is to obtain a discreet type of inverse sensor characteristic, with a predefined maximum approximation error, with minimization of the number of points defining the characteristic, which in turn is related to the possibilities for using microcontrollers with limited energy and memory resources. In this context, the results from the study indicate that to overcome the problems arising from the resource constraints of smart devices, appropriate "lightweight" algorithms are needed that allow efficient connectivity and intelligent management of the measurement processes.

Duration estimation of upright and inverted facial stimuli.

The perceived duration of facial stimuli presented in upright and inverted position in the duration ranges of 40 to 470 ms and of 520 to 2030 ms was investigated. In the first duration range the subjective duration of upright faces was longer than the subjective duration of inverted faces for durations of presentation leading to partial recognition, i..

Estimating the duration of gratings under masking and nonmasking conditions.

Previous research has shown that the subjective duration of very short time intervals decreases with the increase of spatial frequency (SF) and this effect is supposed to be mediated by an early peripheral component of the persistence process called "retinal persistence". As the retinal components of persistence are very likely to be erased by a mask, we suggest that if retinal persistence underlies SF influence on duration estimation, the introduction of a mask would make subjective duration independent of SF. This inference was tested estimating the duration of presentation of square-wave gratings of equal mean luminance and contrast (85%) and of varying SF under two conditions: with and without a mask.

Upright faces seem to have longer duration of presentation than inverted ones.

Nontemporal variables were shown to influence subjective duration. Some of these variables are known to alter recognition performance. We suggested that the ease of pattern recognition underlies the effect exerted by some nontemporal stimuli characteristics on brief duration estimation.

In search of paintings influence on time judgement.

The influence of paintings on short time interval perception was studied. Three methods for time estimation were tested: direct scaling and two modifications of the method of reproduction – with and without simultaneous presentation of the painting whose duration was, reproduced. The results show that short time interval perception is influenced by such complex stimuli as paintings.

Spatial frequency, contrast and duration estimation.

Duration estimation of square-wave gratings presented for "short" (up to 150 ms) and "long" (above 190 ms) time intervals was studied. The spatial frequency (SF) of the gratings with equal mean luminance and contrast 85% varied from 0.7 to 12 c/deg.

Estimating the duration of briefly presented physiognomic stimuli.

The influence of complex stimuli which are supposed to induce different attitude and emotional effects in the observer on short time interval perception was studied. It is concluded that emotional and/or aesthetical factors do not interfere with short time interval perception.