Tumor-associated macrophages trigger MAIT cell dysfunction at the HCC invasive margin.

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells represent an abundant innate-like T cell subtype in the human liver. MAIT cells are assigned crucial roles in regulating immunity and inflammation, yet their role in liver cancer remains elusive. Here, we present a MAIT cell-centered profiling of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using scRNA-seq, flow cytometry, and co-detection by indexing (CODEX) imaging of paired patient samples.

CD69+ resident memory T cells are associated with graft-versus-host disease in intestinal transplantation.

Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) is a common, morbid complication after intestinal transplantation (ITx) with poorly understood pathophysiology. Resident memory T cells (T ) are a recently described CD69+ memory T cell subset localizing to peripheral tissue. We observed that T effector memory cells (T ) in the blood increase during GvHD and hypothesized that they derive from donor graft CD69+T migrating into host blood and tissue.

Intravenous access in infants and children.

At times, nothing is more difficult, time consuming or frustrating than obtaining vascular access in the pediatric patient. Today, technologic improvements in catheter design and imaging techniques have significantly facilitated line placement and increased the available options for vascular access. All clinicians involved in the care of pediatric patients should have knowledge of the various methods available for venous access, as well as their relative indications, advantages and disadvantages.

Choledochal cysts: a ten year experience.

Choledochal cyst (CC) is a rare disorder that usually presents in childhood. Prognosis depends on early diagnosis, complete excision of the cyst, and reconstruction by hepaticojejunostomy. This report details our 10-year experience and emphasizes innovations in our management.

The complete spectrum of neurocristopathy in an infant with congenital hypoventilation, Hirschsprung's disease, and neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma, Hirschsprung's disease, and central hypoventilation (Ondine's curse) are considered aberrations of neural crest cell growth, migration, or differentiation, and as such are considered to be under the general heading of neurocristopathy. Their combined occurrence in a newborn infant presenting with total colonic aganglionosis, central hypoventilation, and multifocal neuroblastoma had not been reported previously. A 2.

Thoracoscopy in the management of pediatric empyema.

The surgical management of empyema consists of (1) aggressive therapy with thoracotomy and decortication or (2) conservative treatment with chest tube drainage and intravenous antibiotics. Recently, Kern and Rodgers introduced thoracoscopic debridement as an adjunct to the management of children with empyema, with promising results. Hence, the authors report their experience with thoracoscopy in the management of pediatric patients with empyema.

Selective distal splenorenal shunts for intractable variceal bleeding in pediatric portal hypertension.

The treatment of portal hypertension in the pediatric population has undergone an evolution toward less invasive methods of care. With the advent of endoscopic sclerotherapy, surgery is less common in the acute care of these patients. Few reports deal with the role of portosystemic shunting in the emergent management of variceal hemorrhage in children.

Preferential use of venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for congenital diaphragmatic hernia.

Acute respiratory failure (ARF) secondary to congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH), unresponsive to maximal medical management, has traditionally been treated with venoarterial (VA) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO). Venovenous (VV) ECMO offers several benefits over VA ECMO including preserved pulmonary blood flow, preservation of the carotid artery, and pulsatile flow. However, use of the VV modality has not been widespread because of concerns of the cardiac instability during bypass, and because only one double-lumen (DL) catheter size is available in the United States.

PIC lines save money and hasten discharge in the care of children with ruptured appendicitis.

Unlabelled: With the need for physicians to help control the rising cost of health care, consideration should be made, when appropriate, to shift more expensive inpatient care (IPC) to the less costly home care (HC) setting. The management of ruptured appendicitis (RA) includes appendectomy and intravenous (IV) antibiotics. Although patients' gastrointestinal function often returns by postoperative day 3 to 5, 10 to 12 days of IPC may be required for completion of the IV antibiotics.

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction with meconium ileus at onset.

Cystic fibrosis is most often the underlying cause of meconium ileus. We describe the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and not with cystic fibrosis, whose initial manifestation was meconium ileus.

The role of surgery in American Burkitt's lymphoma in children.

The records of 28 children with the pathological diagnosis of American Burkitt's lymphoma were reviewed. Twenty-three of these children (82%) presented with primary abdominal tumors and 5 with disease located in the head and neck. Twelve required an emergency operation for either intestinal obstruction (3), intussusception (5), or appendicitis (4); the others underwent an elective exploration for tissue diagnosis.

Duodenal ulcer. Discovery of a new mechanism and development of angiogenic therapy that accelerates healing.

The complete purification of the first angiogenic molecule, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), was carried out in the authors' laboratory in 1983. Application of this peptide to chronic wounds enhances angiogenesis and accelerates wound healing. The authors showed that an acid-stable form of bFGF (i.

Treatment with recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects rats against the lethality, hypotension, and hypothermia of gram-negative sepsis.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a peptide secreted by macrophages in response to endotoxin that can produce many of the changes seen in septic shock. After cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) rats gradually develop tachycardia, hypotension, tachypnea, and hypothermia. At 5 h post-CLP, rats have a peak in serum levels of endotoxin and 60% of rats have blood cultures that grow Gram-negative rods (Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia).

Cytokine regulation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha and -beta (lymphotoxin)-messenger RNA expression in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells.

The immune response at the molecular level is characterized by a carefully coordinated interplay of both cytokine production and receptor induction. The regulation of these molecules including the closely related tumor necrosis factors alpha (TNF) and beta (lymphotoxin, LT) is still incompletely understood. We have examined the effects of various cytokines on the expression of TNF and LT mRNA in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC).

Management of the ectopic ACTH syndrome due to thoracic carcinoids.

The association of a bronchial or thymic carcinoid as a source for the ectopic production of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) has been reported since 1957, with approximately 72 cases in the literature. These patients are characterized by young age, long duration of Cushing's syndrome because of the inability to find the ectopic source, and a high incidence of hypophysectomy or adrenalectomy without curing the disease. A substantial number of patients, upon discovery of the thoracic ectopic source, are also found to have malignant carcinoid tumors with lymph node metastases.

Altered macrophage activity and tumor necrosis factor: tumor necrosis and host cachexia.

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) may be a mediator of cancer cachexia. This study evaluates the activity of macrophages from non-tumor-bearing (NTB) and tumor-bearing (TB) rats by measuring TNF production in response to endotoxin (LPS), both in vitro and in vivo, and correlates macrophage activity with tumor burden and parameters of host cachexia. Isolated macrophages from rats with small tumors, normal food intake, and weight gain secreted more TNF in response to 10 micrograms/ml LPS than macrophages from control NTB rats and behaved similar to activated macrophages from rats previously treated with thioglycollate.

Cachectin activity in the serum of cachectic, tumor-bearing rats.

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor has been postulated to be a possible mediator of cancer cachexia. Using a sensitive bioassay, we attempted to detect circulating cachectin activity in the serum of sarcoma-bearing rats and to correlate levels with measurements of cachexia and the extent of disease. In addition, we resected the tumor to determine the time course of reversal of cachexia and the disappearance of cachectin activity in the serum.

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor: a possible mediator of cancer anorexia in the rat.

Cachectin/tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a macrophage product which may have a role in cancer cachexia. Recombinant human cachectin/TNF (Cetus Corporation) was administered i.p.

Resection of pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma: results of a 16-year experience.

Between 1970 and 1986, 49 patients had resection of presumed pulmonary metastases from malignant melanoma. Sixteen patients were found to have benign disease only despite the appearance of a new nodule in 13. Patients with benign disease had a significantly longer mean survival (169 months) compared with the group with malignant disease (22 months).

Tolerance to tumor necrosis factor in rats and the relationship to endotoxin tolerance and toxicity.

Treatment of rats with recombinant human TNF initially causes a marked decrease in food intake, a loss of body weight, and a negative nitrogen balance. These alterations normalize with continued twice daily intraperitoneal injections of the same dose. Rats tolerized to TNF in this manner are refractory to a lethal dose of TNF.