Beyond the binary: Inferential challenges and solutions in cognitive archaeology.

We welcome Stibbard-Hawkes's empirical contributions and discussion of interpretive challenges for archaeology, but question some of his characterizations and conclusions. Moving beyond critique, it is time to develop new research methods that eschew simplistic modern/premodern binaries. We advocate an inductive, probabilistic approach using multiple lines of evidence to infer the causes and consequences of behavioral variability across time and space.

A Three-year Longitudinal Assessment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Antibiotic Susceptibility in Children With Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Modulator Therapy.

fibrosis is a genetic disease characterized by chronic lung infection, often with Pseudomonas aeruginosa, requiring repeated antibiotic treatment for pulmonary exacerbations. In the era of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator modulator therapy, we assessed susceptibility to antipseudomonal antibiotics in modulator-eligible and modulator-ineligible children over 3 years and found that P. aeruginosa isolates largely remained susceptible to standard parenteral but not oral antimicrobial agents.

Minds in movement: embodied cognition in the age of artificial intelligence.

This theme issue brings together researchers from diverse fields to assess the current status and future prospects of embodied cognition in the age of generative artificial intelligence. In this introduction, we first clarify our view of embodiment as a potentially unifying concept in the study of cognition, characterizing this as a perspective that questions mind-body dualism and recognizes a profound continuity between sensorimotor action in the world and more abstract forms of cognition. We then consider how this unifying concept is developed and elaborated by the other contributions to this issue, identifying the following two key themes: (i) the role of language in cognition and its entanglement with the body and (ii) bodily mechanisms of interpersonal perception and alignment across the domains of social affiliation, teaching and learning.

Sex moderates the effect of anhedonia on parietal alpha asymmetry.

Anhedonia, a transdiagnostic symptom present in many neuropsychiatric disorders, differs in males and females. Parietal EEG alpha asymmetry is associated with reduced arousal and low positive emotionality, and is, therefore, a promising neurophysiologic biomarker of anhedonia. To date, however, no prior studies have determined whether this measure captures sex differences in anhedonic expression.

Motivational context and neurocomputation of stop expectation moderate early attention responses supporting proactive inhibitory control.

Alterations in attention to cues signaling the need for inhibitory control play a significant role in a wide range of psychopathology. However, the degree to which motivational and attentional factors shape the neurocomputations of proactive inhibitory control remains poorly understood. The present study investigated how variation in monetary incentive valence and stake modulate the neurocomputational signatures of proactive inhibitory control.

Analysis of Near-Wall Pebble Bed Thermal Conductivity for Energy Applications.

Pebble beds have been employed in thermal storage and energy systems, where they are typically used to promote heat exchange in high-temperature environments. Understanding the heat conduction of the entire pebble bed could aid in the material selection of the pebbles themselves and structural components, system design, and safety monitoring. However, the thermal conductivity of pebble beds can change significantly near geometric boundaries.

Advanced artificial intelligence-guided hemodynamic management within cardiac enhanced recovery after surgery pathways: A multi-institution review.

Objective: The study objective was to report early outcomes of integrating Hypotension Prediction Index-guided hemodynamic management within a cardiac enhanced recovery pathway on total initial ventilation hours and length of stay in the intensive care unit.

Methods: A multicenter, historical control, observational analysis of implementation of a hemodynamic management tool within enhanced recovery pathways was conducted by identifying cardiac surgery cases from 3 sites during 2 time periods, August 1 to December 31, 2019 (preprogram), and April 1 to August 31, 2021 (program). Reoperations, emergency (salvage), or cases requiring mechanical assist were excluded.

Adjunctive cognitive training with exposure enhances fear and neural outcomes in social anxiety.

Exposure-based cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is the gold standard for treating social anxiety disorder (SAD), yet response is not universal. CBT is thought to operate via extinction-related learning during exposure, which in turn relies on cognitive processes such as working memory. The present proof-of-concept study investigates the potential for training working memory to improve anxiety related outcomes following exposure.

Bacteriophage Therapy of Multidrug-resistant Achromobacter in an 11-Year-old Boy With Cystic Fibrosis Assessed by Metagenome Analysis.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a genetic disease associated with lung disease characterized by chronic pulmonary infection, increasingly caused by multiple drug-resistant pathogens after repeated antibiotic exposure, limiting antibiotic treatment options. Bacteriophages can provide a pathogen-specific bactericidal treatment used with antibiotics to improve microbiologic and clinical outcomes in CF.

Methods: Achromobacter species isolates from sputum of a chronically infected person with CF, were assessed for susceptibility to bacteriophages: 2 highly active, purified bacteriophages were administered intravenously every 8 hours, in conjunction with a 14-day piperacillin/tazobactam course for CF exacerbation.

Case report: training neck and head control in children with chronic paralysis due to acute flaccid myelitis.

Background: Acute flaccid myelitis (AFM) occurs rarely in children and adolescents when damage to spinal motor neurons rapidly causes flaccid paralysis of limb, trunk, and neck muscles and potentially respiratory failure. When neck muscles are weakened or paralyzed, a child loses head control, severely compromising engagement with their environment. Compensation for lack of head control is achieved with external support devices attached to a wheelchair, but there is no indication in the AFM literature of therapeutic efforts to restore head control.

Safety and Feasibility of Cervical and Thoracic Transcutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulation to Improve Hand Motor Function in Children With Chronic Spinal Cord Injury.

Objective: In adults with cervical spinal cord injury (SCI), transcutaneous spinal stimulation (scTS) has improved upper extremity strength and control. This novel noninvasive neurotherapeutic approach combined with training may modulate the inherent developmental plasticity of children with SCI, providing even greater improvements than training or stimulation alone. Because children with SCI represent a vulnerable population, we first must establish the safety and feasibility of any potential novel therapeutic approach.

Evaluating digital video transcoding for forensic derivative results.

Video data received for analysis often come in a variety of file formats and compression schemes. These data are often transcoded to a consistent file format for forensic examination and/or ingesting into a video analytic system. The file format often requested is an MP4 file format.

Neuroplasticity enables bio-cultural feedback in Paleolithic stone-tool making.

Stone-tool making is an ancient human skill thought to have played a key role in the bio-cultural co-evolutionary feedback that produced modern brains, culture, and cognition. To test the proposed evolutionary mechanisms underpinning this hypothesis we studied stone-tool making skill learning in modern participants and examined interactions between individual neurostructural differences, plastic accommodation, and culturally transmitted behavior. We found that prior experience with other culturally transmitted craft skills increased both initial stone tool-making performance and subsequent neuroplastic training effects in a frontoparietal white matter pathway associated with action control.

Pre-deployment threat learning predicts increased risk for post-deployment insomnia: Evidence from the Marine Resiliency Study.

Insomnia is a common and impairing consequence of military deployment, but little is known about pre-deployment risk factors for post-deployment insomnia. Abnormal threat learning tendencies are commonly observed in individuals with insomnia and maladaptive responses to stress have been implicated in the development of insomnia, suggesting that threat learning could be an important risk factor for post-deployment insomnia. Here, we examined pre-deployment threat learning as a predictor of post-deployment insomnia and the potential mechanisms underlying this effect.

Inferring cultural reproduction from lithic data: A critical review.

The cultural reproduction of lithic technology, long an implicit assumption of archaeological theories, has garnered increasing attention over the past decades. Major debates ranging from the origins of the human culture capacity to the interpretation of spatiotemporal patterning now make explicit reference to social learning mechanisms and cultural evolutionary dynamics. This burgeoning literature has produced important insights and methodological innovations.

Evaluating wipe sampling parameters to assess method performance and data confidence during remediation of hazardous pesticide misuse chemicals on indoor materials.

Pesticide misuse incidents are reported worldwide each year. The potential exposure to pesticides creates a concern for occupants in affected homes, apartments, and other occupied buildings. Pesticides that are improperly applied within these locations may require remediation prior to reoccupation.

A Scoping Review on the Experience of Participating in Dignity Therapy for Adults at the End of Life.

As the proportion of aging population is increasing, so is the need for palliative care services. The end of life is marked by suffering and currently it is not well addressed in palliative care. Dignity therapy (DT) is one of the most popular therapies aimed at reducing suffering at the life and yet the quantitative evidence supporting its effectiveness is mixed.

Case Report: Capitalizing on Development and Activity-Dependent Plasticity, an Interaction With Pediatric-Onset Spinal Cord Injury.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) in infancy halts typical development secondary to paralysis/paresis and the limited ability to engage with the environment. Traditional therapies further restrict a child via bracing, equipment, and medications. In contrast, activity-based restorative therapies (ABRT) promote activation of the neuromuscular system below the level of injury and affords a more typical sensorimotor experience.

Deriving psychiatric symptom-based biomarkers from multivariate relationships between psychophysiological and biochemical measures.

Identification of biomarkers for psychiatric disorders remains very challenging due to substantial symptom heterogeneity and diagnostic comorbidity, limiting the ability to map symptoms to underlying neurobiology. Dimensional symptom clusters, such as anhedonia, hyperarousal, etc., are complex and arise due to interactions of a multitude of complex biological relationships.

Working Memory Performance for Differentially Conditioned Stimuli.

Previous work suggests that threat-related stimuli are stored to a greater degree in working memory compared to neutral stimuli. However, most of this research has focused on stimuli with physically salient threat attributes (e.g.