Management of Post Dural Puncture Headache During Spinal Cord Stimulation Trials: A Review of Current Literature.

Purpose Of Review: The purpose of this review is to evaluate, discuss and explain the current literature regarding management of post dural puncture headaches (PDPH) during spinal cord stimulation (SCS) trials.

Recent Findings: Although an epidural blood patch (EBP) remains the gold standard in treatment of PDPH, current literature describes other modalities including various peripheral nerve blocks and pharmacological treatments to reduce PDPH symptoms. PDPH management in SCS centers around conservative treatment and EBP.

Hospital-Based Health Care Worker Perceptions of Personal Risk Related to COVID-19.

Background: Health care workers treating Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients face significant stressors such as caring for critically ill and dying patients, physically demanding care requiring new degrees of personal protective equipment use, risk of contracting the disease, and putting loved ones at risk. This study investigates the stress impact from COVID-19 exposure and how nurses and medical providers (eg, physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) experience these challenges differently.

Methods: An electronic, self-administered questionnaire was sent to all hospital staff over 6 weeks surveying exposure to COVID-19 patients and degree of stress caused by this exposure.

Climate Change as an Involuntary Exposure: A Comparative Risk Perception Study from Six Countries across the Global Development Gradient.

Climate change has been referred to as an involuntary exposure, meaning people do not voluntarily put themselves at risk for climate-related ill health or reduced standard of living. The purpose of this study is to examine people's risk perceptions and related beliefs regarding (1) the likelihood of different risks occurring at different times and places and (2) collective (government) responsibility and personal efficacy in dealing with climate change, as well as (3) explore the ways in which climate risk may be amplified when posed against individual health and well-being. Previous research on this topic has largely focused on one community or one nation state, and so a unique characteristic of this study is the comparison between six different city (country) sites by their development and national wealth.

Shared cultural norms for justice in water institutions: results from Fiji, Ecuador, Paraguay, New Zealand, and the U.S.

It is widely agreed that current institutions are insufficient to meet global water challenges, and extensive institutional reforms are needed. To achieve effective local water management, institutional rules should be congruent with local cultural norms. Conversely, a major potential challenge is posed by tensions between institutional rules and local cultural norms for justice.

The Measles Initiative to control measles in Kenya.

Purpose: To describe the epidemiology of measles in Kenya and evaluate the Measles Initiative's (MI's) mass immunization campaign and its impact on measles control in Kenya.

Methods: This descriptive study focused on evaluating the MI's simultaneous mass campaigns in the provinces of Kenya, the implementation process of the campaign strategy, post-campaign impact data, and pre-campaign measles trends. Secondary data were obtained from the Kenya Ministry of Health and MI documentation involving vaccine coverage, and morbidity and mortality rates.

Inactive nurses: a source for alleviating the nursing shortage?

Objective: This study seeks to provide an understanding of why inactive registered nurses chose to become inactive and what they would require for them to return to nursing.

Background: In 2000, a shortage of 110,000 (6%) registered nurses existed in the United States. If the current trends continue, the shortage is projected to grow to 29% by 2020.

Cancers of the prostate, penis, and testicles: epidemiology, prevention, and treatment.

Cancer is a disease that most people fear. Nurses are required to provide information on how to avoid cancer, and, once the diagnosis is made, how to cope with it. Prevention and early detection of the cancers described in this article are in the very early stages of knowledge development, but general health promotion guidance can be offered on how to avoid most cancers (ie, no tobacco use, a high-fiber and low fat diet, exercise, and maintaining a normal weight).

A randomised clinical trial of nicotine patches for treatment of spit tobacco addiction among adolescents.

Background: This study tested the efficacy of nicotine patches in combination with behavioural therapy for the treatment of adolescent spit tobacco addiction. Prior interventions had resulted in mean cessation rates below 15% at one year.

Methods: This study, the PATCH Project, used a three group, placebo controlled, randomised clinical trial design.

A cutaneous full-thickness liquid sulfur mustard burn model in weanling swine: clinical pathology and urinary excretion of thiodiglycol.

Sulfur mustard (bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide, HD) is a well-known blistering chemical warfare agent. We have developed a cutaneous full-thickness HD burn model in weanling pigs for efficacy testing of candidate treatment regimens. This report addresses clinical pathology findings and the urinary excretion profile of a major HD metabolite (thiodiglycol, TDG) in this model.

Increasing mammography practice by African American women.

Purpose: This study examines the effectiveness of the Witness Project, a culturally competent cancer education program that trains cancer survivors to promote early detection and increased breast self-examination and mammography in a population of rural, underserved, African American women.

Description Of Study: The primary setting for the Witness Project-an intensive, community-based, culturally sensitive educational program that incorporates spirituality and faith-was the African American church. Baseline and 6-month follow-up surveys were obtained from 206 African American women in two intervention counties and from 204 African American women in two control counties in the rural Mississippi River Delta region of Arkansas.

Posttreatment with eicosatetraynoic acid decreases lung edema in guinea pigs exposed to phosgene: the role of leukotrienes.

Acetylenic acids such as 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid (ETYA), have been shown to be effective in preventing pulmonary edema formation (PEF). In phosgene-exposed guinea pigs, we examined the effects of ETYA on PEF, measured as real time lung weight gain (lwg). Pulmonary artery pressure (Ppa), airway pressure (Paw), perfusate leukotrienes (LT) C4/D4/E4/B4, and lung tissue lipid peroxidation (TBARS) were measured using the isolated, buffer-perfused lung model.

Distribution of tritiated dihydromicrocystin in swine.

The distribution of tritiated dihydromicrocystin [3H]2H-MCLR was studied in anesthetized specific-pathogen-free pigs. Two doses were administered i.m.

Toxicokinetics of tritiated dihydromicrocystin-LR in swine.

The toxicokinetics of tritiated dihydromicrocystin-LR ([3H]2H-MCLR) were studied in anesthetized, specific-pathogen-free pigs. Pigs were dosed with radiolabeled plus non-labeled 2H-MCLR at 25 or 75 micrograms/kg i.v.

Changes in absorbance at 413 nm in plasma from three rodent species exposed to phosgene.

Mice, rats and guinea pigs were exposed to phosgene (COCl2), a highly irritating and oxidizing gas. Animals were exposed to 87 mg/m3 phosgene for 20 min in a whole-body exposure chamber. Within 55-65 minutes after the start of exposure, plasma was scanned spectrophotometrically from 200-600 nm.

Community-based nursing versus community health nursing: what does it all mean?

These are exciting times in nursing, with great possibilities for reforming nursing as we now know it. The desired outcome is to improve any nurse's ability to care for individuals, families, and communities wherever they are. We believe that articulating CBN and CHN practice is a necessary first step in achieving this outcome; however, it now becomes our challenge to advance this vision.

Efficacy of ibuprofen and pentoxifylline in the treatment of phosgene-induced acute lung injury.

Phosgene, a highly reactive former warfare gas, is a deep lung irritant which produces adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)-like symptoms following inhalation. Death caused by phosgene involves a latent, 6-24-h, fulminating non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema. The following dose-ranging study was designed to determine the efficacy of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, ibuprofen (IBU), and a methylxanthine, pentoxifylline (PTX).

Increasing mammography and breast self-examination in African American women using the Witness Project model.

Background: The five-year survival rate for African American women with breast cancer is notably lower than the rate for white women; thus, appropriate cancer education and screening efforts are needed to increase mammography and breast self-examination practices by African American women.

Methods: The Witness Project is a theory-based intervention designed to provide culturally sensitive messages, from African American breast cancer survivors, in churches and community organizations. These messages emphasize the importance of early detection to improve survival.

Rapid metabolic phenotypes for acetyltransferase and cytochrome P4501A2 and putative exposure to food-borne heterocyclic amines increase the risk for colorectal cancer or polyps.

The metabolic activation of food-borne heterocyclic amines to colon carcinogens in humans is hypothesized to occur via N-oxidation followed by O-acetylation to form the N-acetoxy arylamine that binds to DNA to give carcinogen-DNA adducts. These steps are catalyzed by hepatic cytochrome P4501A2 (CYP1A2) and acetyltransferase-2 (NAT-2), respectively, which are known to be polymorphic in humans. On the basis of this proposed metabolic activation pathway, patients at greatest risk to develop colorectal cancer or nonfamilial polyps should be those who possess both the rapid NAT-2 and rapid CYP1A2 phenotypes and are exposed to high dietary levels of carcinogenic heterocyclic amines.

Autoionization reaction of phosgene (OCCl2) studied by electron paramagnetic resonance/spin trapping techniques.

The reaction of phosgene with nitrone spin traps was investigated using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)/spin trapping techniques. Evidence for the intermediacy of a carbamoyl monochloride intermediate was obtained. Isotopic substitution of 13C-phosgene was employed to verify the hyperfine coupling constant assignments.

Structural modifications imparting reduced toxicity in microcystins from Microcystis spp.

A cyanobacterial (blue-green algal) bloom containing Microcystis aeruginosa (dominant), M. viridis, and M. wesenbergii, was collected from Homer Lake (Illinois, U.

A model for making project funding decisions at the National Cancer Institute.

This paper describes the development of a model for making project funding decisions at The National Cancer Institute (NCI). The American Stop Smoking Intervention Study (ASSIST) is a multiple-year, multiple-site demonstration project, aimed at reducing smoking prevalence. The initial request for ASSIST proposals was answered by about twice as many states as could be funded.

Application of the Salmon model: a tale of two cities.

This report demonstrates the application of a recently developed conceptual model of public health nursing practice to a specific community problem. The nurse was able to assist one community group and lead another in identifying their needs, developing a plan to meet those needs, implementing the plan, and evaluating the results. The model provided a structure for the nurse to use in determining scope of practice, the importance of values, practice priorities and interventions, and the relevant determinants of health.

Smoking cessation among blacks.

The burden of cancer on the U.S. black population has been compounded by a high prevalence of smoking among blacks.