Topical review: Ocular surface abnormalities in neurodegenerative disorders.

Significance: In an aging population, the number of people living with neurodegenerative disease is projected to increase. It is vital to develop reliable, noninvasive biomarkers to detect disease onset and monitor progression, and there is a growing body of research into the ocular surface as a potential source of such biomarkers.

Background: This article reviews the potential of in vivo corneal confocal microscopy and tear fluid analysis as tools for biomarker development.

Impacts of climate-induced drought on lake and reservoir biodiversity and ecosystem services: A review.

Intensifying extreme droughts are altering lentic ecosystems and disrupting services provisioning. Unfortunately, drought research often lacks a holistic and intersectoral consideration of drought impacts, which can limit relevance of the insights for adaptive management. This literature review evaluated the current state of lake and reservoir extreme drought research in relation to biodiversity and three ecosystem services.

Phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundances in mid-21st century lakes depend strongly on future land use and climate projections.

Land use and climate change are anticipated to affect phytoplankton of lakes worldwide. The effects will depend on the magnitude of projected land use and climate changes and lake sensitivity to these factors. We used random forests fit with long-term (1971-2016) phytoplankton and cyanobacteria abundance time series, climate observations (1971-2016), and upstream catchment land use (global Clumondo models for the year 2000) data from 14 European and 15 North American lakes basins.

Prevalence of Cervical Spondylolisthesis in the Sagittal Plane Using Radiographic Imaging in a Pediatric Population: A Cross Sectional Analysis of Vertebral Subluxation.

Introduction: Cervical Spondylolisthesis (CS) in children is under-studied. This cross-sectional study reports the CS prevalence in children.

Materials & Methods: Subjects were selected from a private practice.

Earlier winter/spring runoff and snowmelt during warmer winters lead to lower summer chlorophyll-a in north temperate lakes.

Winter conditions, such as ice cover and snow accumulation, are changing rapidly at northern latitudes and can have important implications for lake processes. For example, snowmelt in the watershed-a defining feature of lake hydrology because it delivers a large portion of annual nutrient inputs-is becoming earlier. Consequently, earlier and a shorter duration of snowmelt are expected to affect annual phytoplankton biomass.

Under-ice mesocosms reveal the primacy of light but the importance of zooplankton in winter phytoplankton dynamics.

Factors that regulate planktonic communities under lake ice may be vastly different from those during the open-water season. Expected changes in light availability, ice cover, and snowfall associated with climate change have accelerated the need to understand food web processes under ice. We hypothesized that light limitation (bottom-up control) outweighs zooplankton grazing (top-down control) influence on phytoplankton biovolume and community structure under ice in a north temperate lake.

Design, synthesis, and evaluation of transition-state analogs as inhibitors of the bacterial quorum sensing autoinducer synthase CepI.

Quorum sensing is a bacterial signaling system that involves the synthesis, secretion and detection of signal molecules called autoinducers. The main autoinducer in Gram-negative bacteria are acylated homoserine lactones, produced by the LuxI family of autoinducer synthases and detected by the LuxR family of autoinducer receptors. Quorum sensing allows for changes in gene expression and bacterial behaviors in a coordinated, cell density dependent manner.

Resources and Costs Associated With Repeated Admissions to PICUs.

Objective: To determine the costs and hospital resource use from all PICU patients readmitted with a PICU stay within 12 months of hospital index discharge.

Design: Cross-sectional, retrospective cohort study using Pediatric Health Information System.

Setting: Fifty-two tertiary children's hospitals.

Benthic habitat is an integral part of freshwater ecology.

Diel vertical migration (DVM) is common in aquatic organisms. The trade-off between reduced predation risk in deeper, darker waters during the day and increased foraging opportunities closer to the surface at night is a leading hypothesis for DVM behaviour.Diel vertical migration behaviour has dominated research and assessment frameworks for , an omnivorous mid-trophic level macroinvertebrate that exhibits strong DVM between benthic and pelagic habitats and plays key roles in many deep lake ecosystems.

Automated Pupillary Measurements Inversely Correlate With Increased Intracranial Pressure in Pediatric Patients With Acute Brain Injury or Encephalopathy.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine correlation and temporal association between automated pupillary measurements and intracranial pressure in pediatric patients with brain injury or encephalopathy requiring intracranial pressure monitoring. We hypothesized that abnormal pupillary measurements would precede increases in intracranial pressure.

Design: A prospective cohort study was performed.

Rewiring of the Human Mitochondrial Interactome during Neuronal Reprogramming Reveals Regulators of the Respirasome and Neurogenesis.

Mitochondrial protein (MP) assemblies undergo alterations during neurogenesis, a complex process vital in brain homeostasis and disease. Yet which MP assemblies remodel during differentiation remains unclear. Here, using mass spectrometry-based co-fractionation profiles and phosphoproteomics, we generated mitochondrial interaction maps of human pluripotent embryonal carcinoma stem cells and differentiated neuronal-like cells, which presented as two discrete cell populations by single-cell RNA sequencing.

Tracing Molybdenum Attenuation in Mining Environments Using Molybdenum Stable Isotopes.

Molybdenum contamination is a concern in mining regions worldwide. Better understanding of processes controlling Mo mobility in mine wastes is critical for assessing potential impacts and developing water-quality management strategies associated with this element. Here, we used Mo stable isotope (δMo) analyses to investigate geochemical controls on Mo mobility within a tailings management facility (TMF) featuring oxic and anoxic environments.

Calanoid copepod zooplankton density is positively associated with water residence time across the continental United States.

Inherent differences between naturally-formed lakes and human-made reservoirs may play an important role in shaping zooplankton community structure. For example, because many reservoirs are created by impounding and managing lotic systems for specific human purposes, zooplankton communities may be affected by factors that are unique to reservoirs, such as shorter water residence times and a reservoir's management regime, compared to natural lakes. However, the environmental factors that structure zooplankton communities in natural lakes vs.

Impact of a Daily PICU Rounding Checklist on Urinary Catheter Utilization and Infection.

Introduction: In critically ill children, inappropriate urinary catheter (UC) utilization is associated with increased morbidity, including catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). Checklists are effective for reducing medical errors, but there is little data on their impact on device utilization in pediatric critical care. In this study, we evaluated UC utilization trends and CAUTI rate after implementing a daily rounding checklist.

Reducing Childhood Admissions to the PICU for Poisoning (ReCAP2) by Predicting Unnecessary PICU Admissions After Acute Intoxication.

Objective: To derive and validate clinical prediction models to identify children at low risk of clinically significant intoxications for whom intensive care admission is unnecessary.

Design: Retrospective review of data in the National Poison Data Systems from 2011 to 2014 and Georgia Poison Center cases from July to December 2016.

Setting: United States PICUs and poison centers participating in the American Association of Poison Control Centers from 2011 to 2016.

Preclinical Characterization of PC786, an Inhaled Small-Molecule Respiratory Syncytial Virus L Protein Polymerase Inhibitor.

Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants and young children, attempts to develop an effective therapy have so far proved unsuccessful. Here we report the preclinical profiles of PC786, a potent nonnucleoside RSV L protein polymerase inhibitor, designed for inhalation treatment of RSV infection. PC786 demonstrated a potent and selective antiviral activity against laboratory-adapted or clinical isolates of RSV-A (50% inhibitory concentration [IC], <0.

Pediatric Procedural Sedation Using the Combination of Ketamine and Propofol Outside of the Emergency Department: A Report From the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium.

Objectives: Outcomes associated with a sedative regimen comprised ketamine + propofol for pediatric procedural sedation outside of both the pediatric emergency department and operating room are underreported. We used the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium database to describe a multicenter experience with ketamine + propofol by pediatric sedation providers.

Design: Prospective observational study of children receiving IV ketamine + propofol for procedural sedation outside of the operating room and emergency department using data abstracted from the Pediatric Sedation Research Consortium during 2007-2015.

Analysis of Interventions Required in 12,021 Children With Acute Intoxications Admitted to PICUs.

Objectives: Acute intoxications in children account for 4.6% of annual admissions to the PICU. We aimed to describe the interventions and monitoring required for children admitted to the PICU following intoxications with the ultimate goal of determining patient and intoxication characteristics associated with the need for PICU interventions.

Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors in the Brain: Current Research and Their Role in Neurodegeneration.

The inhibitory adenosine A1 receptor (A1R) and excitatory A2A receptor (A2AR) are predominantly expressed in the brain. Whereas the A2AR has been implicated in normal aging and enhancing neurotoxicity in multiple neurodegenerative diseases, the inhibitory A1R has traditionally been ascribed to have a neuroprotective function in various brain insults. This review provides a summary of the emerging role of prolonged A1R signaling and its potential cross-talk with A2AR in the cellular basis for increased neurotoxicity in neurodegenerative disorders.

Discovery of novel benzothienoazepine derivatives as potent inhibitors of respiratory syncytial virus.

The development of novel non-nucleoside inhibitors of the RSV polymerase complex is of significant clinical interest. Compounds derived from the benzothienoazepine core, such as AZ-27, are potent inhibitors of RSV viruses of the A-subgroup, but are only moderately active against the B serotype and as yet have not demonstrated activity in vivo. Herein we report the discovery of several novel families of C-2 arylated benzothienoazepine derivatives that are highly potent RSV polymerase inhibitors and reveal an exemplary structure, compound 4a, which shows low nanomolar activity against both RSV A and B viral subtypes.

Evaluation of methohexital as an alternative to propofol in a high volume outpatient pediatric sedation service.

Background: Propofol is a preferred agent for many pediatric sedation providers because of its rapid onset and short duration of action. It allows for quick turn around times and enhanced throughput. Occasionally, intravenous (IV) methohexital (MHX), an ultra-short acting barbiturate is utilized instead of propofol.