In vitro human skin absorption of ethyl salicylate, pentyl salicylate, and (Z)-3-hexenyl salicylate from topical formulations: Effects on permeation and distribution.

In vitro human skin permeation and distribution of the fragrance materials ethyl salicylate (CAS 118-61-6, ES), (Z)-3-hexenyl salicylate (CAS 65405-77-8, HS) and pentyl salicylate (CAS 2050-08-0, PS) from separate 0.5 % (w/w) cream formulations were determined under unoccluded and occluded conditions for 24 h. For PS only, a 0.

Immune profile diversity is achieved with synthetic TLR4 agonists combined with the RG1-VLP vaccine in mice.

The TLR4 (Toll-like receptor 4)-activating agonist MPLA (monophosphoryl lipid A) is a key component of the adjuvant systems AS01 and AS04, utilized in marketed preventive vaccines for several infectious pathogens. As MPLA is a biologically-derived product containing a mixture of several lipid A congeners with a 4' phosphoryl group and varying numbers of acyl chains with distinct activities, extensive efforts to refine its production and immunogenicity are ongoing; notably, the development of the BECC (Bacterial Enzymatic Combinatorial Chemistry) system in which bacteria express lipid A-modifying enzymes to produce a panoply of lipid A congeners. In an effort to characterize the adjuvant activity of these lipid A congeners, we compared biologically-derived and synthetic versions of BECC470 and BECC438 for adjuvant activity in BALB/c mice vaccinated with the HPV (Human papilloma virus) VLP-based vaccine, RG1-VLP.

Cooling and physiology during parent cuddling infants with neonatal encephalopathy in usual care: CoolCuddle-2 study.

Aim: CoolCuddle, enabling parents to cuddle their babies with neonatal encephalopathy (NE) during therapeutic hypothermia and intensive care (TH), was developed in research settings. To determine the impact of implementing CoolCuddle in usual care in six diverse neonatal intensive care units on the cooling process and intensive care.

Methods: This vital sign cohort study embedded within the CoolCuddle implementation study enrolled 36 infants receiving TH for NE.

Embedding the 'CoolCuddle' intervention for infants undergoing therapeutic hypothermia for hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy in NICU: an evaluation using normalisation process theory.

Objectives: Newborn infants exposed to lack of oxygen and blood flow to the brain around birth may develop brain dysfunction (hypoxic-ischaemic encephalopathy-HIE). These infants undergo 72 hours of cooling therapy and most are not held by their parents in the UK. We examined the implementation of 'CoolCuddle', identifying factors that impact embedding of this complex intervention in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) across England.

A systematic literature review of the measurement of patient-reported fatigue in studies of disease modifying therapies for multiple sclerosis.

Background: Fatigue is the most commonly experienced symptom among people with multiple sclerosis (MS) and has the greatest impact in reducing quality of life. It is important to measure change in MS-related fatigue (MS-fatigue) in response to treatment, particularly the more recent disease modifying therapies (DMTs). To date there has been no systematic literature review of the patient reported outcome (PRO) tools used to measure MS- fatigue specifically in the context of DMTs.

Determining the linear correlation between dielectric spectroscopy and viable biomass concentration in filamentous fungal fermentations.

Objectives: Dielectric spectroscopy is commonly used for online monitoring of biomass growth. It is however not utilized for biomass concentration measurements due to poor correlation with Cell Dry Weight (CDW). A calibration methodology is developed that can directly measure viable biomass concentration in a commercial filamentous process using dielectric values, without recourse to independent and challenging viability determinations.

Aerobic bioreactors: condensers, evaporation rates, scale-up and scale-down.

Objectives: Hydrodynamics, mixing and shear are terms often used when explaining or modelling scale differences, but other scale differences, such as evaporation, can arise from non-hydrodynamic factors that can be managed with some awareness and effort.

Results: We present an engineering approach to the prediction of evaporation rates in bioreactors based on gHO/Nm of air entering and leaving the bioreactor and confirm its usefulness in a 28-run design of experiments investigating the effects of aeration rate (0.02 to 2.

Effects of replacing magnesium oxide with calcium-magnesium carbonate with or without sodium bicarbonate on ruminal fermentation and nutrient flow in vitro.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of replacing magnesium oxide (MgO) with calcium-magnesium carbonate [CaMg(CO)] on ruminal fermentation with or without the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO). Eight fermentors of a dual-flow continuous-culture system were distributed in a replicated (2) 4 × 4 Latin square design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (magnesium sources × NaHCO). The treatments tested were 0.

Improving Education and Training to Reduce the Burden of Occupational Cancer. The Riga-European Association of Schools of Occupational Medicine (EASOM) Statement on Work-Related Cancer.

Reducing the burden of occupational cancers (OCs) is currently one of the most challenging Occupational Health (OH) issues. The European Union (EU) has made efforts to improve the existing legal framework and developed specific legislation aimed at reducing the burden of OC. However, available data suggest that OC are underreported.

Use of antimicrobial dressings in England and the association with published clinical guidance: interrupted time series analysis.

Objectives: In healthcare systems, practices and products of unproven value and cost-effectiveness can decrease value and increase waste. Using the management of complex wounds, this study investigates temporal trends in the use of antimicrobials dressings, places this in the context of available evidence and discusses the potential impacts on the UK National Health Service (NHS).

Design: Secondary descriptive and interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of NHS prescription data.

Correction to: Antipsychotic Prescribing to Patients Diagnosed with Dementia Without a Diagnosis of Psychosis in the Context of National Guidance and Drug Safety Warnings: Longitudinal Study in UK General Practice.

This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

A review of non-glove personal protective equipment-related occupational dermatoses reported to EPIDERM between 1993 and 2013.

Background: Personal protective equipment (PPE) is defined as equipment that protects the wearer's body against health/safety risks at work. Gloves cause many dermatoses. Non-glove PPE constitutes a wide array of garments.

Frequency and nature of potentially harmful preventable problems in primary care from the patient's perspective with clinician review: a population-level survey in Great Britain.

Objectives: To estimate the frequency of patient-perceived potentially harmful problems occurring in primary care. To describe the type of problem, patient predictors of perceiving a problem, the primary care service involved, how the problem was discussed and patient suggestions as to how the problem might have been prevented. To describe clinician/public opinions regarding the likelihood that the patient-described scenario is potentially harmful.

Identifying primary care patient safety research priorities in the UK: a James Lind Alliance Priority Setting Partnership.

Objectives: To identify the top 10 unanswered research questions for primary care patient safety research.

Design: A modified nominal group technique.

Setting: UK.

Development and piloting of a survey to estimate the frequency and nature of potentially harmful preventable problems in primary care from a UK patient's perspective.

Objectives: To design and pilot a survey to be used at the population level to estimate the frequency of patient-perceived potentially harmful preventable problems occurring in UK primary care. To explore the nature of the problems, patient-suggested strategies for prevention and opinions of clinicians and the public regarding the potential for harm.

Design: A survey was codesigned by three members of the public and one researcher and piloted through public and patient involvement and engagement networks.

Chest physician-reported, work-related, long-latency respiratory disease in Great Britain.

Much of the current burden of long-latency respiratory disease (LLRD) in Great Britain is attributed to historical asbestos exposure. However, continuing exposure to other agents, notably silica, also contributes to disease burden. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of work-related LLRD reported by chest physicians in Great Britain, including variations by age, gender, occupation and suspected agent.

The Health and Occupation Research Network: An Evolving Surveillance System.

Vital to the prevention of work-related ill-health (WRIH) is the availability of good quality data regarding WRIH burden and risks. Physician-based surveillance systems such as The Health and Occupation Research (THOR) network in the UK are often established in response to limitations of statutory, compensation-based systems for addressing certain epidemiological aspects of disease surveillance. However, to fulfil their purpose, THOR and others need to have methodologic rigor in and ascertaining cases.

Mechanistic Fermentation Models for Process Design, Monitoring, and Control.

Mechanistic models require a significant investment of time and resources, but their application to multiple stages of fermentation process development and operation can make this investment highly valuable. This Opinion article discusses how an established fermentation model may be adapted for application to different stages of fermentation process development: planning, process design, monitoring, and control. Although a longer development time is required for such modeling methods in comparison to purely data-based model techniques, the wide range of applications makes them a highly valuable tool for fermentation research and development.

Never Events in UK General Practice: A Survey of the Views of General Practitioners on Their Frequency and Acceptability as a Safety Improvement Approach.

Background: Never events (NEs) are serious preventable patient safety incidents and are a component of formal quality and safety improvement (Q&SI) policies in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. A preliminary list of NEs for UK general practice has been developed, but the frequency of these events, or their acceptability to general practitioner (GPs) as a Q&SI approach, is currently unknown. The study aims to estimate (1) the frequency of 10 NEs occurring within GPs' own practices and (2) the extent to which the NE approach is perceived as acceptable for use.

Antipsychotic Prescribing to Patients Diagnosed with Dementia Without a Diagnosis of Psychosis in the Context of National Guidance and Drug Safety Warnings: Longitudinal Study in UK General Practice.

Introduction: Policy interventions to address inappropriate prescribing of antipsychotic drugs to older people diagnosed with dementia are commonplace. In the UK, warnings were issued by the Medicines Healthcare products Regulatory Agency in 2004, 2009 and 2012 and the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence guidance was published in 2006. It is important to evaluate the impact of such interventions.

A novel model-based control strategy for aerobic filamentous fungal fed-batch fermentation processes.

A novel model-based control strategy has been developed for filamentous fungal fed-batch fermentation processes. The system of interest is a pilot scale (550 L) filamentous fungus process operating at Novozymes A/S. In such processes, it is desirable to maximize the total product achieved in a batch in a defined process time.

A review of control strategies for manipulating the feed rate in fed-batch fermentation processes.

A majority of industrial fermentation processes are operated in fed-batch mode. In this case, the rate of feed addition to the system is a focus for optimising the process operation, as it directly impacts metabolic activity, as well as directly affecting the volume dynamics in the system. This review covers a range of strategies which have been employed to use the feed rate as a manipulated variable in a control strategy.

Temporal trends in antidepressant prescribing to children in UK primary care, 2000-2015.

Background: The prevalence of antidepressant prescribing in children and adolescents increased steadily in the United States and parts of Europe between 2005 and 2012 despite regulatory safety warnings. Little is known about the characteristics of those being prescribed antidepressants for the first time.

Methods: A longitudinal study of antidepressant prescribing in 3-17 year olds was carried out using data from the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) between 2000 and 2015.

Application of a mechanistic model as a tool for on-line monitoring of pilot scale filamentous fungal fermentation processes-The importance of evaporation effects.

A mechanistic model-based soft sensor is developed and validated for 550L filamentous fungus fermentations operated at Novozymes A/S. The soft sensor is comprised of a parameter estimation block based on a stoichiometric balance, coupled to a dynamic process model. The on-line parameter estimation block models the changing rates of formation of product, biomass, and water, and the rate of consumption of feed using standard, available on-line measurements.