Multifaceted polymeric nerve guidance conduits with distinctive double-layered architecture and plasma-induced inner chemistry gradient for the repair of critical-sized defects.

Despite tissue engineering advances, current nerve guidance conduits (NGCs) are still failing in repairing critical-sized defects. This study aims, therefore, at tackling large nerve gaps (2 cm) by designing NGCs possessing refined physicochemical properties enhancing the activity of Schwann cells (SCs) that support nerve regeneration over long distances. As such, a combinatorial strategy adopting novel plasma-induced surface chemistry and architectural heterogeneity was considered.