Longitudinal Assessment of Retinal Microvasculature in Preclinical Alzheimer's Disease.

Purpose: To investigate if changes in vessel density (VD) and the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) occur in the preclinical phase of Alzheimer's disease (pAD) over time.

Methods: Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to image VD and FAZ at baseline and for a follow-up period of 2 years. Positron emission tomography (PET) was used to determine the amyloid beta (Aβ) status of participants.

Rationale and design of the BeyeOMARKER study: prospective evaluation of blood- and eye-based biomarkers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease pathology in the eye clinic.

Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a common, complex and multifactorial disease that may require screening across multiple routes of referral to enable early detection and subsequent future implementation of tailored interventions. Blood- and eye-based biomarkers show promise as low-cost, scalable and patient-friendly tools for early AD detection given their ability to provide information on AD pathophysiological changes and manifestations in the retina, respectively. Eye clinics provide an intriguing real-world proof-of-concept setting to evaluate the performance of these potential AD screening tools given the intricate connections between the eye and brain, presumed enrichment for AD pathology in the aging population with eye disorders, and the potential for an accelerated diagnostic pathway for under-recognized patient groups.

High Prevalence of Previously Undiagnosed Axial Spondyloarthritis in Patients Referred With Anterior Uveitis and Chronic Back Pain: The SpEYE Study.

Objective: To reduce the diagnostic delay in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), guidelines recommend referring patients with acute anterior uveitis (AAU) and chronic back pain (CBP) to a rheumatologist. This observational study in daily practice evaluated the prevalence of previously unrecognized axSpA in patients with AAU who were referred by ophthalmologists because of concurrent CBP.

Methods: All patients with AAU referred with CBP (≥ 3 months, age of onset < 45 yrs) from 5 ophthalmology clinics underwent rheumatologic assessment, including pelvic radiographs.

A model for interrogating the clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis: Internuclear ophthalmoplegia.

Background And Purpose: The clinico-radiological paradox in multiple sclerosis (MS) is well recognized, relevant and yet poorly understood. The suitability of an in vivo model for the clinico-radiological paradox was tested, using internuclear ophthalmoplegia (INO) and the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF).

Methods: In this cross-sectional study lesions of the MLF were rated by an experienced MS neuroradiologist blinded to all other information.

Longitudinal retinal layer changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Purpose: Several studies found reduced retinal thickness on optical coherence tomography (OCT) in Alzheimer's disease (AD), even in preclinical stages, labelling this technique of interest as biomarker. In this study, we examine retinal thickness changes in preclinical AD, as defined by cognitively normal individuals with amyloid-beta (Aβ) on positron emission tomography (PET).

Methods: For this monocentre study, 145 cognitively healthy monozygotic twins aged ≥ 60 were included from the Netherlands Twin Register taking part in the EMIF-AD PreclinAD study.

Subretinal Fibrosis Detection Using Polarization Sensitive Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose: Subretinal fibrosis (SRFib) is an important cause of permanent loss-of-vision diseases with submacular neovascularization, but a reliable diagnostic method is currently missing. This study uses polarization-sensitive optical coherence tomography (PS-OCT) to detect SRFib within retinal lesions by measurement of its birefringent collagen fibers.

Methods: Twenty-five patients were enrolled with retinal pathology in one or both eyes containing (1) suspected SRFib, (2) lesions suspected not to be fibrotic, or (3) lesions with doubtful presence of SRFib.

Multidisciplinary management of auto-immune ocular diseases in adult patients by ophthalmologists and rheumatologists.

Purpose: Management of chronic vision threatening auto-immune ocular diseases (AIOD, e.g. uveitis, scleritis) can be challenging.

Ocular biomarkers for cognitive impairment in nonagenarians; a prospective cross-sectional study.

Background: Ocular imaging receives much attention as a source of potential biomarkers for dementia. In the present study, we analyze these ocular biomarkers in cognitively impaired and healthy participants in a population aged over 90 years (= nonagenarian), and elucidate the effects of age on these biomarkers.

Methods: For this prospective cross-sectional study, we included individuals from the EMIF-AD 90+ study, consisting of a cognitively healthy (N = 67) and cognitively impaired group (N = 33), and the EMIF-AD PreclinAD study, consisting of cognitively healthy controls aged ≥60 (N = 198).

The spatial relation of diabetic retinal neurodegeneration with diabetic retinopathy.

Purpose: Diabetic retinal neurodegeneration (DRN) has been demonstrated in eyes of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM), even in the absence of diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, no studies have looked at the rate of change in retinal layers and presence/development of DR over time per quadrant of the macula. In this longitudinal study, we aimed to clarify whether the rate of DRN is associated with the development/presence of DR within 4 different quadrants of the retina.

Classification for treatment urgency for the microphthalmia/anophthalmia spectrum using clinical and biometrical characteristics.

Purpose: Current clinical classifications do not distinguish between the severity of the MICrophthalmia/Anophthalmia (MICA) spectrum with regard to treatment urgency. We aim to provide parameters for distinguishing mild, moderate and severe MICA using clinical and biometrical characteristics.

Methods: We performed a single-centre, cross-sectional analysis of prospective cohort of 58 MICA children from September 2013 to February 2018 seen at the Amsterdam University Medical Center, The Netherlands.

Optical coherence tomography angiography in preclinical Alzheimer's disease.

Background/aims: As a protrusion from the brain, the retina might reflect the status of the brain. Previous studies showed a decrease in vessel density and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) enlargement on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in individuals suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study aims to assess whether such changes are already present in preclinical stages of AD, in a population of monozygotic (MZ) twins.

Quantification of Visual Fixation in Multiple Sclerosis.

Purpose: Eye movement abnormalities are common in multiple sclerosis (MS), and infrared oculography is a noninvasive method for quantification. This study aims to describe and classify abnormalities of visual fixation and their clinical relevance in MS.

Methods: A validated standardized infrared oculography protocol, Demonstrate Eye Movement Networks with Saccades, was used for quantifying gaze stability during a fixation task in MS patients and healthy controls.

Retinal and Cerebral Microvasculopathy: Relationships and Their Genetic Contributions.

Purpose: Retinal microvasculopathy may reflect small vessel disease in the brain. Here we test the relationships between retinal vascular parameters and small vessel disease, the influence of cardiovascular risk factors on these relationships, and their common genetic background in a monozygotic twin cohort.

Methods: We selected 134 cognitively healthy individuals (67 monozygotic twin pairs) aged ≥60 years from the Netherlands Twin Register for the EMIF-AD PreclinAD study.

Case series: effect of dermis-fat implants in different late onset socket problems encountered in retinoblastoma patients.

Background: Cosmetic dissatisfaction, pain, and chronic discharge may present months till years after enucleation in patients operated because of retinoblastoma. If noninvasive treatment modalities are insufficient, socket reconstruction can be considered. In this study, we discuss the results of dermis-fat exchange to treat these problems.

An Individualized 3-Dimensional Designed and Printed Conformer After Dermis Fat Grafting for Complex Sockets.

Purpose: To introduce a novel technique to design individually customized conformers for postenucleation sockets with dermis fat implants.

Methods: We use a 3-dimensional scan of the frontal face/orbit and eyelid contour to design an individualized conformer. This polymethylmetacrylate printed conformer is adapted to patients' socket, palpebral fissures, horizontal eyelid aperture, curvature of the eyelids, and mean diameter of patients' contralateral eye.

Persistent socket pain postenucleation and post evisceration: a systematic review.

Purpose: To investigate causes, diagnostics and treatment modalities for persistent socket pain (PSP) after enucleation and evisceration.

Methods: A systematic search was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA Statement, in PubMed, Embase.com and Thomson Reuters/Web of Science.

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy among an elderly population with diabetes in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Aim: Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an emerging cause of blindness in developing countries. This study aimed to explore the prevalence and risk factors of DR in an elderly population in Nepal.

Subjects And Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study.

Cosmetic results of enucleation and/or external beam radiation therapy in 195 retinoblastoma survivors.

Purpose: To report the cosmetic outcome and late effects of enucleation and/or irradiation for retinoblastoma and to evaluate the role of orbital implants.

Methods: Patients (age >4 years) enucleated and/or irradiated for retinoblastoma, visiting the hospital for routine follow-up (April 2013 to May 2015), were included in our cross-sectional study. Data were obtained via clinical records, questionnaires, physical measurements and standardized photographs.

Prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study.

Background: This study aims to explore the prevalence and causes of low vision and blindness focused on retinal disease in a population above 60 years in Nepal.

Methods: Two thousand one hundred subjects were enrolled in a population-based cross-sectional study. History, presenting and best corrected visual acuity after subjective refraction, anterior and posterior segment examinations was obtained in detail.

Prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion in an elderly population in Nepal: the Bhaktapur retina study.

Background: This study aims to explore the prevalence, pattern and risk factors of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) in an elderly population of Nepal.

Method: One thousand eight hundred sixty subjects of age 60 years and above were enrolled in a population-based, cross-sectional study. Detailed history, visual acuity, anterior segment and posterior segment examinations were done.

Prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Aim: This study aimed to explore the prevalence of and risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in an elderly population in Nepal.

Subjects And Methods: This is a population-based, cross-sectional study. A sample size of 2,100 was calculated.

Discharge and infection in retinoblastoma post-enucleation sockets.

Purpose: To investigate the causes and treatment options for socket discharge and infection in patients enucleated for retinoblastoma (Rb).

Methods: A questionnaire was filled out by (parents of) ocular prosthesis-wearing patients with a history of enucleation as treatment for Rb. We collected data on patients' characteristics, cleaning habits of the prosthesis, frequency of socket irritation, discharge, and infection, and use of antibiotics.

Incidence of Cataract Surgery after Vitrectomy for Vitreous Opacities.

Purpose: A computational model of vitreous oxygen consumption and transport predicts that limited vitrectomy will result in lower retrolental oxygen levels than extensive vitrectomy, and that higher retrolental oxygen would promote cataractogenesis. This study compared the incidence and timing of cataract surgery after limited versus extensive vitrectomy for vitreous opacities.

Methods: Ninety-six phakic eyes in 75 patients (aged 55±14 years) underwent limited 25 G vitrectomy with preservation of 3 to 4 mm of retrolental vitreous and without surgical posterior vitreous detachment induction.

A Novel Method to Measure Artificial Eye Motility.

Purpose: To measure objectively, reproducibly, and noninvasively artificial eye motility, a fundamental aspect in the (cosmetic) outcome of enucleation.

Method: A gaze- and pupil-tracking system, the "iView X," was implemented to measure horizontal eye motility. The system, with adjusted software, was tested with patients wearing 1 prosthetic eye after enucleation for retinoblastoma.

Intra- and inter-rater agreement between an ophthalmologist and mid-level ophthalmic personnel to diagnose retinal diseases based on fundus photographs at a primary eye center in Nepal: the Bhaktapur Retina Study.

Background: Early detection can reduce irreversible blindness from retinal diseases. This study aims to assess the intra- and inter-rater agreement of retinal pathologies observed on fundus photographs between an ophthalmologist and two-mid level ophthalmic personnel (MLOPs).

Method: A population-based, cross-sectional study was conducted among subjects 60 years and above in the Bhaktapur district of Nepal.