Impact of Simulated Caloric Reduction on Nutrient Adequacy Among U.S. Adults with Overweight or Obesity (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey [NHANES] 2015-2018).

Background: Current guidelines for the treatment of obesity recommend dietary restriction to create a caloric deficit, and caloric reductions of 16% to 68% have been achieved in adults with overweight or obesity engaging in intentional weight loss programs.

Objectives: This study models the impact of simulated caloric reduction on nutrient adequacy among U.S.

Is It Time to Reconsider the U.S. Recommendations for Dietary Protein and Amino Acid Intake?

Since the U.S. Institute of Medicine's recommendations on protein and amino acid intake in 2005, new information supports the need to re-evaluate these recommendations.

Substantial Depletion of Vicine, Levodopa, and Tyramine in a Fava Bean Protein-Based Nutritional Product.

A commercial fava bean protein isolate and a liquid nutritional product formulated with it were tested by validated HPLC methods for the favism-associated pyrimidine glycoside vicine, the dopamine precursor levodopa, and the biogenic amine tyramine. The vicine, levodopa, and tyramine concentrations in the protein isolate-306, 13.3, and <0.

Plant Proteins: Assessing Their Nutritional Quality and Effects on Health and Physical Function.

Consumer demand for plant protein-based products is high and expected to grow considerably in the next decade. Factors contributing to the rise in popularity of plant proteins include: (1) potential health benefits associated with increased intake of plant-based diets; (2) consumer concerns regarding adverse health effects of consuming diets high in animal protein (e.g.

Combination of erythritol and fructose increases gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy adults.

Consumption of a large amount of dietary fructose induces gastrointestinal intolerance, and glucose has been known as an enhancer of fructose absorption. Erythritol is a nonglycemic sugar alcohol, and it has been suggested that erythritol is absorbed paracellularly. It was hypothesized that paracellular absorption of erythritol could also enhance paracellular absorption of fructose in healthy adults.

Glycemic and insulinemic responses to different preexercise snacks in participants with impaired fasting glucose.

Purpose: To compare serum glucose and insulin responses to 3 preexercise snacks before, during, and after exercise in individuals with impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and healthy (H) men. In addition, in an IFG population, the authors sought to determine whether a natural fruit snack (i.e.

Raisins are a low to moderate glycemic index food with a correspondingly low insulin index.

The objective of this study was to determine the glycemic index (GI) and insulin index (II) of raisins and evaluate if these values are similar in different populations. The study subjects consisted of 10 healthy sedentary individuals (S; age, 25.7 +/- 1.

Gamma-cyclodextrin lowers postprandial glycemia and insulinemia without carbohydrate malabsorption in healthy adults.

Objective: Preliminary in vitro and animal studies have shown that gamma-cyclodextrin (GCD) is a slowly and completely digestible carbohydrate. The objective of this study was to determine the glycemic and insulinemic responses to GCD in humans. Breath hydrogen excretion was measured simultaneously to evaluate carbohydrate malabsorption.

Management of blood glucose and diabetes in the critically ill patient receiving enteral feeding.

Diabetes mellitus causes profound alterations in nutrient metabolism, leading to long-term systemic complications, particularly in individuals with poorly controlled disease. Nutrition support clinicians need to be aware of the effect of acute illness on stress-induced and established diabetes mellitus and the appropriate management strategies. Because enteral feeding is a vital component of critical care for many patients with diabetes mellitus, it is important to develop techniques to best manage metabolic control during enteral feeding.

Effects of a nutritional supplement containing Salacia oblonga extract and insulinogenic amino acids on postprandial glycemia, insulinemia, and breath hydrogen responses in healthy adults.

Objective: This study evaluated the postprandial glycemic, insulinemic, and breath hydrogen responses to a liquid nutritional product containing Salacia oblonga extract, an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, and two insulinogenic amino acids.

Methods: In a randomized, double-masked, crossover design, 43 healthy subjects were fed the following meals on separate days after overnight fasting: control (C; 480 mL of a study beverage containing 82 g of carbohydrate, 20 g of protein, and 14 g of fat), control plus 3.5 g each of phenylalanine and leucine (AA), control plus 1000 mg of S.

Effects of a medical food containing an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor on postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in healthy adults.

Objective: To determine the effect of different doses of Salacia oblonga extract, an herbal alpha-glucosidase inhibitor, on postprandial glycemic, insulinemic, and breath hydrogen responses in healthy adults.

Design: Double-masked, randomized crossover design.

Intervention: Subjects, after fasting for 12 hours, consumed four test meals consisting of 480 mL of study beverage (14 g fat, 82 g carbohydrate, and 20 g protein) with 0, 500, 700, or 1,000 mg of S oblonga extract on four separate occasions.

Kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion.

Objective: Kefir is a fermented milk beverage that contains different cultures than yogurt. The objective of this study was to determine whether kefir improves lactose digestion and tolerance in adults with lactose maldigestion.

Design: Randomized block design.

Glycemic and insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in healthy adults.

Background: This study investigated how energy bars of differing macronutrient composition affect postprandial glycemia and insulinemia in normal subjects compared with white bread and chicken breast controls.

Material/methods: A total of 20 healthy adult subjects were recruited to participate in this randomized block protocol. After an overnight fast, subjects were fed 60-g portions of one of 5 meals, which were as follows: low carbohydrate bar (Atkins Advantage Bar, LC), moderate carbohydrate bar (Balance Bar, MC), high carbohydrate bar (Power Bar, HC), white bread (WB), and chicken breast (CHI).

Fructose prefeeding reduces the glycemic response to a high-glycemic index, starchy food in humans.

The study objective was to determine whether a small dose of fructose administered before or simultaneously with a high glycemic index, starchy food decreases postprandial glycemic response. Nondiabetic healthy adults (n = 31; mean +/- SEM: age, 26 +/- 1 y; weight, 66.1 +/- 2.