Prevalence of venous thromboembolic events after elective major thoracolumbar degenerative spine surgery.

Study Design: A case-control study.

Objective: The purposes of this study were to establish the prevalence of venous thromboembolic disease in patients undergoing elective major thoracolumbar degenerative spine surgery and identify risk factors.

Summary Of Background Data: Venous thromboembolic events (VTE) are a serious complication of orthopedic surgery, but the prevalence of VTE after elective thoracolumbar degenerative spine surgery is not well known.

Role of raf-1 kinase in diabetes-induced accelerated apoptosis of retinal capillary cells.

Small molecular weight G-proteins serve as fundamental signaling switches that regulate cell fates by coupling receptor activation to downstream effector pathways. H-Ras, a small molecular weight G-protein, in its active form, recruits Raf. Activated Raf via a signaling transduction pathway regulates apoptosis.