Dr Patricia Clugston-A Spirit of Determination.

Dr Patricia Clugston was a British Columbia native who completed her plastic surgery residency training in Vancouver in 1993 before pursuing a fellowship in Nashville with Dr Patrick Maxwell in 1994. When Dr Clugston returned to Vancouver, she helped to establish a comprehensive and renowned breast reconstruction program. She spent her career advocating for and working towards better treatment options for women seeking breast reconstruction.

The Vascular Basis of the Pronator Quadratus Muscle Flap and Its Use in Clinical Cases.

 Pronator quadratus (PQ) is a deeply situated muscle in the forearm which may occasionally be utilized for soft-tissue reconstruction. The purpose of this anatomical and clinical study was to confirm vascular supply of PQ muscle (PQM) in order to optimize its transfer and confirm its utility in clinical situations.  In Part A of the anatomical study, fresh human cadavers ( = 7) were prepared with an intra-arterial injection of lead oxide and gelatin solution, and PQM and neurovascular pedicle were dissected ( = 14).

Toenail mercury levels positively correlate with obesity and abdominal obesity among Korean adults.

Background: Although previous studies have shown that short-term exposure to mercury is associated with obesity, it should be noted that mercury is not easily released and that it constantly accumulates in the body. However, few studies have explored the association between chronic mercury exposure and obesity. This study aimed to examine the association between chronic mercury exposure and obesity in Korean adults.

Fast Organic Vapor Phase Deposition of Thin Films in Light-Emitting Diodes.

Fast deposition of thin films is essential for achieving low-cost, high-throughput phosphorescent organic light-emitting diode (PHOLED) production. In this work, we demonstrate rapid and uniform growth of semiconductor thin films by organic vapor phase deposition (OVPD). A green PHOLED comprising an emission layer (EML) grown at 50 Å/s with bis[2-(2-pyridinyl-)phenyl-](acetylacetonato)iridium(III) (Ir(ppy)(acac)) doped into 4,4'-bis(-carbazolyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (CBP) exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency of 20 ± 1%.

A Prospective Study of Toenail Trace Element Levels and Risk of Skin Cancer.

Background: Few epidemiologic studies have investigated trace element exposure and skin cancer risk.

Methods: Toenail levels of mercury, selenium, chromium, iron, and zinc were measured from 6,708 women in the Nurses' Health Study (1984-2012) and 3,730 men in the Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012) with data from prior nested case-control studies. Participants were free of skin cancer at toenail collection and followed for incident basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and melanoma.

Shaping Plastic Surgery in British Columbia-The Courtemanche Legacy.

Dr Albert Douglas Courtemanche was born in Gravenhurst, Ontario on November 16, 1929. In 1949, he was accepted to the University of Toronto Medical School, graduating in 1955. After completing his internship at the Toronto General Hospital and at the Hospital for Sick Children, he completed his surgical training in Vancouver and in the United Kingdom.

Dr Michael Bell: A Surgeon With Boundless Ingenuity.

Dr Michael Bell was born in Kingston, Ontario, on October 14, 1944. He was always a curious child who exhibited a tendency toward innovation and experimentation. Dr Bell was accepted into the MD program at the University of Toronto graduating in 1969 before completing his plastic surgery residency there.

Dr Henry Shimizu: The Journey of a Canadian Plastic Surgeon, Advocate, and Artist.

Dr Henry Shimizu was a dedicated Canadian plastic surgeon with Japanese roots who spent his career practicing in Edmonton at the University of Alberta Hospital. He relished the opportunity to share his expertise by training residents and medical students. Dr Shimizu completed his plastic surgery training in the United States and was central to establishing the plastic surgery training program in Edmonton.

Three-Dimensional Vascular Anatomical Study of the Tensor Fasciae Latae Muscle and Perforators.

Background:  To harvest any flap on the lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) including tensor fasciae latae (TFL) muscle, a precise description of the vascular anatomy is required. There have been conflicting reports of the vascular supply of TFL and its overlying skin. The objective of this study was to evaluate the anatomy of the TFL muscle according to the location, origin, type, caliber, and length of vessels that supply the muscle.

Exposure to Trace Elements and Risk of Skin Cancer: A Systematic Review of Epidemiologic Studies.

Exposure to environmental trace elements has been studied in relation to many cancers. However, an association between exposure to trace elements and skin cancer remains less understood. Therefore, we conducted a systematic review of published epidemiologic literature examining the association between exposure to trace elements, and risk of melanoma and keratinocyte carcinoma in humans.

Future of 3D printing: How 3D bioprinting technology can revolutionize healthcare?

Currently there are more than 2,000 children on the transplant waiting list-and more than 100,000 Americans nationwide-awaiting a matching organ. Most children aged one through 10 are awaiting a kidney, liver, or heart. As with any transplant, there are two ways to find an organ-someone can donate or someone can die.

Computed Tomographic Angiography Used for Localization of the Cutaneous Perforators and Selection of Anterolateral Thigh Flap "Bail-Out" Branches.

Background: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the territory supplied by the lateral circumflex femoral artery for the consistency of a proximal perforator that could be used as an alternative pedicle for the anterolateral thigh flap if a tedious intramuscular course is encountered during elevation of the perforator used to develop the initial surgical plan. It is hypothesized that a consistent "bail-out" perforator supplying the proximal thigh would facilitate a simpler anterolateral thigh flap harvest, with minimal modification to flap design.

Methods: Computed tomographic images of 9 fresh cadavers were imported using Materialize's Interactive Medical Imaging Control System software to create surface-rendered 3-dimensional reconstructions of 15 lower limbs.

Toenail Chromium Concentration and Metabolic Syndrome among Korean Adults.

Although in vivo and in vitro studies have shown that chromium has protective effects against metabolic diseases, few studies have examined this association in humans. The present study examined chronic chromium (Cr) exposure among Koreans based on the measurement of toenail Cr concentrations, and analyzed the associations between toenail Cr concentrations and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis using baseline data from the prospective cohort study in the Yeungnam area of South Korea that included 232 men and 268 women.

Morphology and phylogeny of Prorocentrum caipirignum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a new tropical toxic benthic dinoflagellate.

A new species of toxic benthic dinoflagellate is described based on laboratory cultures isolated from two locations from Brazil, Rio de Janeiro and Bahia. The morphology was studied with SEM and LM. Cells are elliptical in right thecal view and flat.

The Superficial Femoral Artery Flap: A 3-Dimensional Anatomical Study.

Background: The superficial femoral artery perforator (SFAP) flap offers advantages for pedicled transfer including consistent perforators and vascular territory, well-hidden donor site scar, and hairless flap skin. This article provides a historical overview of the SFAP flap and describes the vascular anatomy of the SFAP by 3-dimensional analysis and angiography.

Methods: Ten fresh cadavers were injected using the lead oxide technique through the femoral artery.

Toenail selenium levels and prevalence of dyslipidaemia among Korean adults.

Multiple studies have elucidated the antioxidant properties of Se, which are now well known among the nutrition and biomedical science communities. Recently, considerable interest has been focused on the possible association between Se exposure and risk of metabolic disease, such as lipid dysregulation; however, there is limited epidemiological data on this topic. The present study aimed to investigate associations between toenail Se levels and dyslipidaemia or individual lipid levels, and to examine the effect of dietary supplement use on these associations.

The Effect of Written Information on Recall of Surgical Risks of Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery: A Randomized Controlled Study.

Background: Written information has been thought to help patients recall surgical risks discussed during the informed consent process, but has not been assessed for carpal tunnel release, a procedure with the rare but serious risk of complex regional pain syndrome. The authors' objective was to determine whether providing a pamphlet would improve patients' ability to remember the risks of surgery.

Methods: Sixty patients seen for carpal tunnel release were included in this prospective, single-blind, randomized study.

Prorocentrum lima from the South Atlantic: Morphological, molecular and toxicological characterization.

Morphological descriptions using light and scanning electron microscopy and molecular characterization of two Prorocentrum lima strains (UNR-01 and UNR-09) isolated from Armação dos Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil are provided. Okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-1 (DTX1) and DTX2 production by strain UNR-01 was investigated using liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. Toxins were extracted from heat-treated (boiled) and non-boiled cell pellets to obtain respective quantities of free and total OA and DTX1.

Community occupational therapy for people with dementia and family carers (COTiD-UK) versus treatment as usual (Valuing Active Life in Dementia [VALID] programme): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.

Background: A community-based occupational therapy intervention for people with mild to moderate dementia and their family carers (Community Occupational Therapy in Dementia (COTiD)) was found clinically and cost effective in the Netherlands but not in Germany. This highlights the need to adapt and implement complex interventions to specific national contexts. The current trial aims to evaluate the United Kingdom-adapted occupational therapy intervention for people with mild to moderate dementia and their family carers living in the community (COTiD-UK) compared with treatment as usual.

Reverse Radial Artery Flap Perforator Anatomy and Clinical Applications.

The pedicled reverse radial forearm flap is a well-known option for the treatment of a variety of soft tissue wounds including dorsal hand wounds. We document the number, emerging diameter, length from origin, course, and location of all perforators of the radial artery in a series of 6 fresh human cadavers after whole body lead oxide and gelatin injection to confirm and comprehensively document the anatomy of the radial artery perforators. This data provide an anatomic basis for a modification to the reversed radial forearm flap used to decrease venous congestion in the postoperative period.

The Lumbar Artery Perforator Flap: 3-Dimensional Anatomical Study and Clinical Applications.

Background: The lumbar region is a potential donor site for perforator-based rotational or free flaps or as a recipient site for free flaps to obtain coverage for deficits in the sacral region. Because of the lack of consensus regarding the microvascular anatomy of this potential flap site, a robust investigation of the anatomy of this region is required.

Methods: Three-dimensional reconstructions (n = 6) of the microvasculature of the lumbar region were generated using MIMICS software (Materialise, Belgium) for each of the four paired lumbar vessels.

Anatomical Study of the Princeps Pollicis Artery Perforator Flap.

Background: The volar aspect of the thumb often requires local flaps for reconstruction. This study characterizes perforators of the princeps pollicis artery (PPA) and evaluates the potential of a local propeller-type flap raised using these perforators for reconstruction of these defects.

Methods: Cadavers underwent whole-body lead-oxide injection and were then imaged using a 64-slice spiral computed tomographic scanner.

Anatomy and physiology of perforator flaps of the upper limb.

Perforator flaps are an excellent reconstructive option for a functional upper limb reconstruction. This article explores the physiology and general principles of perforator flaps and their indications for use in reconstruction of the upper extremity. Workhorse perforator flaps of the upper extremity, such as the radial artery perforator, ulnar artery perforator, lateral arm perforator, posterior interosseous artery, first dorsal metacarpal artery perforator and perforator-based propeller flaps, are discussed in greater detail.

Baseline selenium status and effects of selenium and vitamin e supplementation on prostate cancer risk.

Background: The Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial found no effect of selenium supplementation on prostate cancer (PCa) risk but a 17% increased risk from vitamin E supplementation. This case-cohort study investigates effects of selenium and vitamin E supplementation conditional upon baseline selenium status.

Methods: There were 1739 total and 489 high-grade (Gleason 7-10) PCa cases and 3117 men in the randomly selected cohort.